110 year-old fights back against discrimination Essay

Yesterday in Monroe, Louisiana, along the Mississippi River, Miss Jane Pittman, a 110 year-old black woman, became the first to drink from a segregated water fountain. The water fountain labelled, â€Å"WHITE ONLY†, was located outside of City Hall, and was guarded by security at the time. â€Å"We didn’t stop her because she was so old and barely standing up even with her cane. We were all shocked when she made it to the fountain and drank from it,† said Tom, one of the guards. Growing up on a Louisiana plantation as a slave, Miss Jane Pittman lived a long and difficult life, from watching a group of fellow black slaves being killed by Confederate patrollers, to suffering the death of her husband, Joe Pittman. These conflicts epitomize the struggles that many black slaves encountered. Throughout American history, black slaves were treated poorly as if they were semi-human. They were bought and sold, and were no better than everyday household items. Their lives did not belong to them and could be taken away at any time by their masters. Growing up and living in a world of fear, blood and inequality was the permanent destiny of every black slave. What had they done to deserve such iniquitous treatment? Was it simply because they were a different colour? Although slavery was banned after the Civil War, black people still did not receive the respect that they deserved. From segregated schools and communities, to â€Å"whites only† restaurants and water fountains, the discrimination against black people continued to exist. Humanity is not defined by a person’s colour, but by their ability to make righteous judgements, to express one’s own opinion, and to possess a wealth of intelligence. Miss Jane Pittman, as an individual, demonstrates all of these human characteristics, and beyond. She is determined to change the views of society about her race, and is eager to prove that black people are no different. Miss Jane Pittman’s action of drinking from a white only fountain will definitely have a major influence on the society. Her courage, determination, and faith will be the keys for Negroes to gain the respect and rights that they deserve in the near future.

Maintaining Healthy Lifestyle Old Age Health And Social Care Essay

IntroductionUnder the fast gait of societal life and the deterioration of life environment, people are enduring from semi-health and disease such as high blood force per unit area and cholesterin. The inordinate usage of medical specialty and medical intervention is a facile solution, which can non bring around the cardinal job. Keeping a healthy life style into old age, nevertheless, is a cardinal solution. This essay is aimed to sketch and measure grounds that people can keep a healthy life style into old age. The essay foremost analyzes the unhealthy life style to bespeak importance of a healthy life style ; the essay will further sketch the benefits of keeping a healthy life style into old age.Problem in life styleBy keeping a healthy life style, people are able to minimise their emphasis and execute expeditiously in their work every bit good as prevent a batch of diseases in every phase of life. Macqueen ( 1998 ) suggest that a healthy life style should includes following elements: A nutritionally balanced diet, sufficient relaxation and slumber, regular exercising, merely a moderate consumption of intoxicant, minimum usage of non-prescription drugs including coffin nails, emotion support and societal contact minimisation of emphasis. However, a figure of people still can non see the importance of keeping a healthy life style into old age. BBC News has reported a crisp addition in the â€Å" lifestyle malignant neoplastic disease † , for illustration tegument and liver malignant neoplastic disease in Scotland. Harmonizing to the statistics, the rates of malignant melanoma have increased by 68 % in work forces and 71 % in adult females with a rise of 51 % of liver malignant neoplastic disease in males from 1998 to 2008. As suggested by Health Secretary, Nicola Sturgeon, it was strong apparent that â€Å" lifestyle pick † would do rises in malignant neoplastic disease. ( BBC, 2010 ) Harmonizing to the UK National Statistics on life style and behaviour, there are a high prevalence of unhealthy life styles such as smoke, imbibing and fleshiness. It shows that 24 % of grownups ( aged 16 or supra ) in England were classified as obese in 2006, which is a 9 % of addition from 1993, with 3 % of adult females and 1 % of work forces were likely to endure from morbidly fleshiness ( NHS, 2008b ) . Similarly, 28 % of grownups aged 16 and above are reported smoke in 2008 in England. This figure is the same as that in 2007 ( NHS, 2010 ) . It is suggested there are close linkage between Smoking and dirking and bosom disease. Different from smoke, which are considered as no possible wellness benefits to people, moderate imbibing is regarded as aid to protect people ‘ bosom ( Westcott, 2010 ) . However, statistics besides shows that 40 % of males and 33 % of females had rummy more than the day-to-day recommended figure of unite on at least one twenty-four hours in the hebd omad prior to interview. 23 % of work forces and 15 % of adult females had rummy more than twice the recommended day-to-day consumption. ( NHS, 2008a )Benefits of keeping a healthy life styleThe development of modern medical scientific discipline makes people more cognizant of their organic structures. The benefits of a healthy life style are going progressively evident, which is good to people of all ages, weights or societal position. There are several benefits for people to keep a healthy life style into old age. By keeping a healthy life style into old age, people are able to achieve good wellness and cut down the hazards of unwellness and hurts. Frequent exercisings can better their staying power, strength and flexibleness. A balanced and varied diet can supply people with needful foods and energy without acquiring weights. Besides, regular exercising and balanced diet are able to cut down blood force per unit area, lose weight and lower the hazard of diabetes development and bosom disease. A healthy life style can supply many benefits that medical specialty can non. It is able to ease the consequence of medical intervention. Harmonizing to the survey of Kelley, et. Al. ( 2005 ) , aerophilic exercising and opposition preparation can efficaciously take down LDL-C of patients. Furthermore, this decrease will is enhanced by weight loss and diet, but mitigated by weight addition ( Kelley, et. Al. 2005 ) . By keeping a healthy life style into old age, people are able to populate a longer life. As people get aged, the physical conditions are going weaker and weaker. However, though a healthy life style, they are able to beef up their physical status. It helps people live a longer life. As stated above, a healthy life style helps people maintain good wellness. In other words, people are able to cut down their disbursal on wellness attention and physician visit. By keeping a healthy life style into old age, people may hold better control of their life. Peoples maintain a better organic structure status and physical map, which helps them work better in their calling and live a better life. For illustration, insomnia is a job that bothers a batch of workers. By keeping a healthy life style, people are able to bit by bit better their sleep form. With adequate remainder and slumber, they feel energetic in the daylight and execute better in their calling. With a better physical visual aspect ( for illustration, slimmer ) , they look better and experience better about themselves, which enhance their self-image and self-pride.DecisionGood wellness is non a trade good that one can buy from a infirmary or a drug shop. However, it can be obtained though keeping a healthy life style for a life-time. Keeping a healthy life style into old age does non intend one have to be trained like a professional jock. Nor, it is something can be done nightlong. The secret lies in doggedness. If one support reiterating the healthy life style he has chosen, he will bask the benefit Oklahoman or subsequently.

Different Type Of Treatment For Breast Tumors Health Essay

Cancer is one of the most common malignances in adult females. This paper has given me the chance to research the different types of chest malignant neoplastic diseases and different modes of interventions. In this research paper will give an overview of the physiology and hazards factors and different ways to naming the disease. Once diagnosed with this lay waste toing disease the different types of intervention from chemo to surgical intercessions. I would non desire to bury to include the psychological impact on the adult females and household members after being diagnosed with this malignance. This undertaking will give me the chance to larn more about the disease procedure and other facets of interventions other than surgical. As an Operating Room nurse I have had exposure to the surgical interventions of the disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease is the most common malignance in adult females and histories for18 per centum of all female malignant neoplastic diseases. The per centum of adult females who develop chest malignant neoplastic diseases are normally post- menopausal, but more than 8,000 are under the age of 50 old ages of age. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Screening methods like chest malignant neoplastic disease consciousness, clinical chest scrutinies, mammography, Ultrasound, MRI has increased early detainment in chest malignant neoplastic disease. Consequently, we have more statistics report organize these showing trials. Screening, diagnosing, and intervention are indispensable to survival, and the importance of early detainment should non be overemphasized. Patients should be good informed what their options are for intervention. Some adult females avoided the diagnosing, believing that the intervention was worse than the disease. This topic usage to be a tabu. The end of showing is to place chest malignant neoplastic disease at the earliest phase, which allows the highest possible remedy. Therefore, many adult females spouse up with their physicians and other health care suppliers to seek the right reply for their diagnosing. The five twelvemonth endurance rate for chest malignant neoplastic disease identified in the earliest phases is now 98 per centum. The mortality rate has dropped by 30 per centum since 1992, which is advancement! We still need to perpetrate to bar by making all we can make to halt malignant neoplastic disease before it starts. These statistics should remind us to eat healthier, more veggies and less nutrient with no nutritionary value, and non gorge in alcoholic drinks. Healthy life styles change such a low-fat diet and exercising can hold signi ficant impact on chest malignant neoplastic disease endurance. These good wonts will cut down your hazard. Plan a scheme for good wellness and act upon your organic structure ‘s destiny. We must besides back up research into environmental and other possible causes for malignant neoplastic disease. Breast malignant neoplastic disease starts as a precancerous mass that progresses to presymptomatic tumour ( the tumour so little that can non be detected by mammography or physical scrutiny ) , so to tumours that are detected by mammography and eventually tumours that are big plenty to be detected by physical scrutiny. Buyske, Jo, et Al. â€Å" Breast malignant neoplastic disease in the 1890ss. â€Å" A AORN JournalA July 1996: 64+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. With mammography the tumours can be detected as early before going tangible, every bit little as 1mm in size leting for a greater likeliness of early sensing that can take to bring around. Mammograms are recommended by the A merican Cancer Society on adult females every one to two old ages from age 40 and 50 old ages of age, adult females younger than 18 should execute monthly chest introspection and have one-year scrutinies by their doctors. Womans with higher than mean hazard factors, may necessitate more intensive surveillance. Hazard Factors: Every adult female is indiscriminately at hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease sometime in her life. There are several factors that increase the hazard of the disease development. The biggest hazard factor of all is age, with the bulk of chest malignant neoplastic diseases being diagnosed in the post-menopausal age group. Oestrogen has being evidenced as a critical endocrine in the increased hazard factor for chest malignant neoplastic disease. Early menses before the age of 11, are at increased hazard and those have late climacteric ( after the age of 50 ) are twice likely to develop chest malignant neoplastic disease. The likeliness of chest malignant neoplastic disease increases with the age of the adult females ‘s first gestation. After the age of 30 the hazard additions. Womans who have their first gestation at a higher age are more predisposed to breast malignant neoplastic disease. In fact, adult females who have non given birth run a h igher opportunity of happening. A alteration in endocrines during gestation besides has an consequence on the development of chest malignant neoplastic disease. It is more preventable in multiparity and gestations at an early age. Oral preventives and endocrines replacing tablets are besides important. There is a little hazard associated with taking the unwritten preventive pill before the age of 20 are at higher hazard than adult females who begin at an older age, There is a little hazard associated with the usage of endocrine replacing tablets and for the first one to four old ages after usage has ceased. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Family history provides the strongest hint to the possibility of familial chest malignant neoplastic disease. A female parent, sister or girl with chest malignant neoplastic disease is a strong va riable in the development of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Hereditary chest malignant neoplastic disease attributed to a mutant in a peculiar cistron ( i.e. , BRCA1or BRCA2 ) can be passed on the following coevals, transmitted in an autosomal dominant form. The cistron mutant may arise from the paternal or maternal side and each progeny of a BRCA bearer has a 50 per centum opportunity of inheriting the mutant. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Factors that indicate likeliness of a BRCA cistron mutant are: Multiple instances of early- oncoming chest malignant neoplastic disease ( age, & lt ; 50 twelvemonth old ) , a combination of chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease in the same adult females bilateral chest malignant neoplastic disease, one household member & lt ; 50 twelvem onth old with chest malignant neoplastic disease or ovarian malignant neoplastic disease and Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, male chest malignant neoplastic disease, a comparative with documented BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutant and multiple instances of chest malignant neoplastic disease across several coevalss in a household. The increased usage of familial testing has being helpful in observing this mutant that increased the potency of chest malignant neoplastic disease in adult females. This familial mutant of BRCA1 and BRCA2 has accounted for 60 per centum of familial chest malignant neoplastic disease and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. Womans with this germline mutant in BRCA1 and BRCA2 or a familial sensitivity for chest malignant neoplastic disease have markedly increased hazard of early-onset chest malignant neoplastic disease and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females w ith BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. With this two cistrons inhered through a first grade household, it is recommended they seek familial guidance. Familial guidance is considered the mainstream of a multidisciplinary attack to the intervention of familial chest malignant neoplastic disease. Decrease Schemes: Once it has being identified the adult females to be a bearer of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 there are different options offered for intervention. Chemoprevention- tamoxifen a raloxifene, selective estrogen receptor modulators approved for chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard decrease, are by and large prescribed for 5 old ages, and their function beyond this clip frame is unknown. . Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web.22. Other options may be bilateral contraceptive mastectomy ( known as hazard decrease mastectomy ) . Your sawbones will explicate the different types of mastectomies, simple mastectomy, where the whole chest is removed and some alar lymph nodes may besides be removed and hypodermic mastectomy, where less breast tissue is surgically excised. These processs significantly cut down the hazard of chest malignant neoplastic disease in adult females with first degree household history of the disease. Several surveies have shown a 90 per centum to 95 per centum decrease in chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard among BRCA bearers, intending that adult females with BRCA mutants can accomplish a degree of chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard that is the same or lower than that of the general population. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. A Womans can hold rehabilitative surgery station these processs with expanders, a pocket is created under the thorax ‘s pectoral muscle major musculus and the expanders is filled with sal ine, and subsequently on hold breast implants. Tram Pedicle Flap is another option which is a flap of tegument, fat and implicit in musculus is cut from the venters and anastomosed as a chest. Another option is a Deep Free Flap, a flap of tegument and fat that is removed from the venters, along with blood vass that have been dissected from the implicit in musculus and with this a chest is made. Once the chest mass has being found on mammography, which is the most of import diagnostic tool, the sawbones will desire to make obtain a sample of life tissue. Biopsy may be done if the physician is concerned about chest malignant neoplastic disease because of unnatural findings on the mammogram or chest ultrasound, or during physical scrutiny. A chest biopsy is the remotion of chest tissue to analyze it for marks of chest malignant neoplastic disease or other upsets. Several different types of biopsies can be done. Open biopsy which involves a little scratch in the chest and take portion ( incisional ) or all ( excisional biopsy ) of the country. If the full ball or country is removed, it is a lumpectomy. If the sawbones can non easy experience the ball or cyst, a biopsy under needle localisation will be done under ultrasound to turn up the ball ; this acerate leaf will be left in topographic point to assist the sawbones during the incisional biopsy. The sawbones will take the nuc leus of tissue environing the wire, and send the specimen to pathology and radiology. The biopsy can uncover certain of chest abnormalcies that are non malignant neoplastic disease or precancerous, adenocarcinomas, fibrocystic chest disease, intraductal villoma, mammary fat mortification. Other biopsies may demo precancerous chest conditions, untypical ductal hyperplasia and a typical lobular hyperplasia. Then there are the two chief type of chest malignant neoplastic disease found, ductal carcinoma, most chest malignant neoplastic diseases are of this type and lobular carcinoma. Biopsy consequences are deciding if there will be a demand for chest surgery in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. In order to cognize if the lymph nodes holding being invaded with malignant neoplastic disease it is recommended to hold a lookout node biopsy. This cognition will avoid alar node dissection if the lymph node is non affected. Internal mammary nodes can besides be assessed during the p rocess to finish the theatrical production procedure. Staging of chest malignant neoplastic disease: Staging the chest malignant neoplastic disease is critical constituent in the development of the individualised intervention program. Stage 0- ( noninvasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ ) this is really early phase chest malignant neoplastic disease is considered precancerous. Stage 1- this is an early phase of chest malignant neoplastic disease, the size of the leery lesion measures up to two centimetres in dimension, and no lymph nodes are involved. In this phase adult females may hold a chest -sparing surgery like a lumpectomy with radiation intervention or they may hold a mastectomy ( remotion of full chest ) they can be have Reconstruction surgery following the process. Breast preservation surgery is the most popular intervention because most carcinomas have a restricted size and big tumour can be reduced in size with anterior chemotherapy before surgery. Radiation therapy along with chemo therapy and /or endocrine therapy may besid es be given after the surgery to destruct any staying malignant neoplastic disease cells. Stage 2- the tumour steps between two to five centimetres or the malignant neoplastic disease has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm on the same side as the chest malignant neoplastic disease. This phase is divided into two classs stage 2 A and phase 2 B. Phase 2 A-Three ways it can attest itself. There is no tumour found in the chest but the alar lymph nodes are positive for malignant neoplastic disease cells. Cancer in the chest spans two centimetres and alar lymph nodes are involved. Tumor is larger than two centimetres and smaller than five centimetres, and does non impact the alar lymph nodes. Stage 2 B- may include one of the followers: The dimension of the tumour is between two and five centimetres and has metastasis to the alar lymph nodes. The chest malignant neoplastic disease is larger than five centimetres, but no lymph are non affected. Treatment may be breast economical surge ry ( lumpectomy ) followed with radiation therapy or a mastectomy with or without breast Reconstruction. Another method used is the tegument and nipple-sparing mastectomy that preserves the nipple-areolar. Several options can be offered to the patient, from the simple arrangement of chest expanders to the usage of musculocutaneous flaps ( thoracodorsal or abdominal flap [ TRAM ] ) . Sometimes chemotherapy is given before the surgery to shrivel the tumour or after surgery to destruct any staying malignant neoplastic disease cells. Womans may besides hold a combination of other interventions, such as endocrine therapy. Phase 3 -the size of the tumour is more than two inches in diameter across and has spread to the alar lymph nodes, or has metastasis to other lymph nodes or tissue near the chest. Phase 3 malignant neoplastic disease is divided into other subcategories, phase 3A, phase 3B and phase 3C, Stage 3 A- The tumour measures more than five centimetres. The lymph nodes are affect ed. Stage 3B-The malignant neoplastic disease has invaded to tissues environing the chest, such as tegument or chest wall, the tumour may run in size. Axillary lymph nodes or lymph nodes beneath the chest under the ribs may be affected. Stage 3C-There is a possibility of the metastasis or distributing to the chest tegument or chest wall. In this phase the malignant neoplastic disease has spread to lymph nodes around the clavicle and may be in lymph nodes around chest bone. Chemotherapy and/or targeted therapies are given foremost in order to shrivel the tumour prior to surgical intercession. After surgery adult females may hold chemotherapy, radiation, endocrine therapy or a combination of intervention to assist forestall reoccurrence. Stage 4- ( Metastatic ) -The malignant neoplastic disease has spread beyond the chest alar and internal mammary lymph nodes to other parts of the organic structure near or distant to the chest. Womans with metastatic malignant neoplastic disease will have targeted intervention depending on where the malignant neoplastic disease has spread. Bone is the most common site.treatments may include orthopaedic oncology, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or combination of interventions. By larning the different phases of chest malignant neoplastic disease it can give the patient an educated determination of her pick of intervention. This information along your general wellness will let you along with your wellness attention squad to individualise your intervention for chest malignant neoplastic disease. We besides have to see there chest tumours that will non react to hormone therapy. Normal chest tissue has hormone receptors that respond specifically to the stimulatory effects of oestrogen and Lipo-Lutin. The bulk of chest malignant neoplastic diseases retain oestrogen receptors and in these malignant neoplastic diseases oestrogen will retain proliferative control over the malignant neoplastic disease cells. It is utile to cognize the oestrogen receptor position of the malignant neoplastic disease to foretell which patients will react to hormone therapy. Cancer that lack endocrine receptors will non react to hormone therapy. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. This information is utile in finding forecast and intervention methods. In decision, in research for this paper I have learned of the different types of chest malignant neoplastic diseases and the options of intervention. Working as an operating room nurse I was ever involved with the surgical intervention of the diagnosing but was non cognizant of the involved and diagnostic testing to make this intervention. It is apparent that the attention for patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease is a multidisciplinary attack. To be able to make up one's mind on the individualize intervention when they are experiencing less able to make so. Bing diagnosed with chest malignant neoplastic disease is really scaring for any adult females in add-on ; doing determinations on the different types of intervention can be overpowering. Healthcare suppliers need to promote adult females to lift above the negativeness of the disease and take control of their organic structure by doing an individualize determination. Nurses must take advantage of every chance to autho rise these adult females to do their intervention picks. Console and soothe them resuscitating assurance in them. Communicating efficaciously and supplying supportive attention are really of import to their long term accommodation to their diagnosing of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Sometimes a patient ‘s liberty is more desirable than the demand for accurate information. Today we have better cognition about the showing, diagnosing and intervention of chest malignant neoplastic disease. Technology, testing and early detainment must go on to come on so malignant neoplastic disease is no longer the most common malignant neoplastic disease in adult females. We need to maintain focal point on bar making all we can to halt malignant neoplastic disease before it starts. Committedness to the bar of chest malignant neoplastic disease is indispensable. In order for things to go on we have to perpetrate to them, nil happens automatically. It is astonishing the Numberss of utilizat ions for the human voice. We talk and cry, speak and sing mutters and complain, congratulations and proclaim. But the best usage of our voice is to show empathy and cognition and offer words of encouragement for these patients and their household members thru this annihilating disease. Mentions Buyske, Jo, et Al. â€Å" Breast malignant neoplastic disease in the 1890ss. â€Å" A AORN JournalA July 1996: 64+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. Gostout, Bobbie S. , Noralane M. Lindor, and Sandhya Pruthi. â€Å" Identification and direction of adult females with BRCA mutants or familial sensitivity for chest and ovarian malignant neoplastic disease. â€Å" A Mayo Clinic ProceedingsA 85.12 ( 2010 ) : 1111+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22. McCready, Tracey. â€Å" Management of patients with breast malignant neoplastic disease. ( Continuing professional development: oncology ) . â€Å" A Nursing Standard17.41 ( 2003 ) : 45+.A Academic OneFile. Web. 22..A

Evidence-Based Practice In Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evidence-Based Practice In Nursing - Essay Example In the field of nursing and medicine, the already existing medical knowledge is undergoing advances with every passing minute. For that matter, it is important for a student nurse or a practicing one to be in touch with these developments and a feasible way for that is research conduction. It not only broadens the horizon for the researcher but also if the conducted research is good enough it proves to be a useful tool for fellow professionals in the setting. Mosby’s Medical Dictionary (2009) defines Evidence-Based Practice as health care practice in which the practitioner, be it the doctor, nurse or any other healthcare professional, finds sifts through and then uses the latest and appropriate research findings for his clinical decision making. The evidence-based practice has been integrated into almost all professions including medicine, nursing, psychiatry, law, etc. With the ever improving sophistication of professional dealings, the responsibility increase on the shoulders of a nurse, a doctor or any other professional for that matter, to provide the best possible quality of service. This is where evidence-based practice comes into play. By developing patient-centered approaches in the delivery of quality care using the latest evidence available, evidence-based care can be implemented in nursing practice (Emanuel, et al. 2011). Field and Lohr (1992) define clinical practice guidelines as statements which are developed systematically in order to assist practitioners and patients alike in their decision making regarding requisite health care for various scenarios.

600 WORD ESSAY QUESTIONS Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

600 WORD QUESTIONS - Essay Example In the Eastern countries, people consider music as a way to develop and grow certain emotional feelings that would bring closer them to their Lord. And, at the same time, they become softer while communicating with humans as well. There is music in all things if men had ears (Byron, n.d).Music finds its history in both parts of the world- Eastern and Western culture. Additionally, music has been a valid component of human history throughout different ages for human growth and development. Various reasons require studying the history of music. First, nowadays, globally, people only hear the news of killings, rape, violence, lawlessness and chaos. Humans in these times do not avail peaceful time. Second, many authors believe that the message of music is to spread peace, and harmony, not violence or hatred. Third, the music has strange but strong power to attach and bring together people belonging to different sect, caste, and color; it has unique attaching frequency, bringing people closer to one other. For example, if we go to a music program, we meet people belonging to different segments of society. On the other hand, if we go into a religious program, we hardly find such diversity. This prelude is based on the legend city of Ys, which was engulfed in the sea. Once in a year, the city was allowed to rise out of the sea as a reminder of city. The prelude starts with the sound of music. And, slowly and gradually, it increases its sound of music, showing something is emerging. Till the point of full emergence, the sound of music keeps maintaining the same rhythm. Then, the sound of music stops for a few moments, giving some feelings that city stays above the sea for a while. And the city of Ys remain above the sea level for a few moments. Slowly and gradually, that sound of music begins to fall, providing a feel that

Formal recommendation report - android tablets Research Paper

Formal recommendation report - android tablets - Research Paper Example The android tablets are fundamental in the teaching and learning process. Among their basic functions and advantages, include their portability. Android tablets have small sizes and light thus easy to carry and therefore facilitate interactive communication regardless of the location of either a student or a teacher. The size makes the tablets convenient for students to use thus making them fundamental. Additionally, as students of information technology the android tablets epitomize the future of mobile communication. Understanding their operations and specifications is therefore basic to the study of hardware in the class. Such requires a degree of practicality only achievable if the students possessed the devices. The gadgets function as effective mobile phones thus perform all the functions previously performed by mobile phones but also sum up as hand held computers. They are therefore essential in the learning process as students use such in carrying their digital notes thus sus taining the learning process. ... implications of the project Equipment/Activity Price Units Total cost Android tablets $ 550 21 $ 11,550 UPS $ 210 3 $ 630 Teacher training $ 350 2 teachers $ 700 Total project cost $ 12,880 Possible Solutions To address the evident lack of the hand held communication devices in the class is a collective responsibility that must involve all the stakeholders in the facility. Such include the parents, students and the teachers. Additionally, the absence of the devises also portrays an administrative inefficiency thus compelling the inclusion of the administration of the institution in the solution determination process. Among the possible urgent solutions to the problem is to seek the schools resources in availing the devices to the students or compelling the parents to purchase the devices to their children. An effective long-term solution is to institutionalize the creation of a computer lab and equipping it with the fundamental devices for practical classes or compelling every parent to buy such for their children before admission. Knowledge and Interests As an active class member, I have the firsthand experience on the effects of the absence of the android devices. As stated earlier, the devices are fundamental in the learning process, they facilitate practical classes thus making learning a cohesive process in which every class member contributes and learns equally. With such knowledge, it becomes possible to study the prevalence of the lack among the students thus determine a cost effective solution for every student. In devising a solution to the problem, one must consider the cost implications of such solutions vis-a-vis the importance of the devices to the learning process. Preliminary Findings With adequate observation of the prevalence of the lack in the class

Cellular Enviroment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Homeland Security - Essay Example Precisely thirty days after the attack, a legislation was introduced by Sen. Arlen Specter and Sen. Joe Lieberman to form the Department Of Homeland Security (May, Jochim & Sapotichne, 2011).. The suggestion was, however, rejected by the Bush administration. Despite this rejection, members of the Senate went on pressing it. Fortunately, after a period of about nine months, President Bush considered reversing his stand (May, Jochim & Sapotichne, 2011). This occurred in June 2002. The homeland security act was passed, advocated for pulling together different federal agencies as well as offices to establish the current newly formed Department Of Homeland Security. This department is led by Tom Ridge, its first secretary (May, Jochim & Sapotichne, 2011). This body has significantly focused on federal measures to manage terrorism while striving to deal with other duties like border security, emergency and customs management. The Department Of Homeland Security has several agencies that serve different purposes all aimed at ensuring safety and security in the United States. The first agency is the United States Customs and Border Protection. This organization is concerned with preventing counterfeit and foreign pirated goods from being imported into the U.S (May, Jochim & Sapotichne, 2011). Once any company has registered its copyright or trademark, it is required to record the registration with the Customs and Border Protection. The agency also prevents terrorist weapons from entering the nation (May, Jochim & Sapotichne, 2011). It also serves to ensure security of United States at the ports of entry and America’s borders. The agency strives to maintain this defense even as it permit legitimate travel as well as trade that is pertinent to the nation’s economy. Particularly, the Customs and Border Protection agency is responsible for arresting individuals who attempt illegally to enter the United

Human resources. Recruitment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Human resources. Recruitment - Essay Example 12). She pointed out that there are three recruitment stages. These stages include the efforts by the organization to extend to the applicant populace to influence a little segment of them to become applicants. Another phase includes the efforts of the company to convince applicants to continue to be engrossed in the organization and to carry on following the job opportunity in anticipation of the organization determining whether to propose to them a position. Another phase is the attempts to influence people to accept job offers. Barber (1998) characterizes these phases as producing applicants, sustaining applicant standing, and controlling job preference. This study will examine what kind of competence does Norrona as a company searching for their new employees. The study will also explore the challenges in meeting the standards and qualifications of each position in the company. The second part of the study will evaluate the challenges of the demands of the candidate's competence in Norrona. Norrona is a small-medium business that was started by the managers grandfather in 1947. The company distributes catering equipment (range includes, cutlery, china, glassware, tableware, bar products, utensils, fryers, ranges, burners, grills, fridges, ware washing, furniture. At present, they are one of the largest company in Norways, their head office is in Stavenger also have other branches in Oslo, Kristiansand, Harstad and Bodo. The HR concept defined earlier will be related to various HR alternate approaches. One of these approaches is the recruitment and selection of the employees. These approaches are two important human resource activities and typically the first steps done in hiring employees. Usually, the initial operations of an organization are made of informal recruitment and selection processes. However, as the organization becomes more mature, the need for a well-established human resource practice becomes realized. This is where the concept of HRP becomes integrated. Through the HRP, formal recruitment and selection processes have been established and practiced; with this integration, organization are able to attract more suitable applicants for specific jobs. According to Cummings (2001), the introduction of more formal human resource recruitment and selection practices resulted to a more extensive use of private and government employment agencies, referrals as well as newspaper advertisements for offering job opportunities. This turnout was confirmed by more recent researches (Burnes, 1996); this finding was even correlated to the continuous growth of several organizations. For selection procedures, interview was the most common technique used by organizations. However, so as to screen the applicants more effectively with fewer errors, multiple selection techniques had also been employed. Barbeschi (2002) concluded that in both large and small firms, employees are selected through one on one interviews. In addition to this technique, some organizations even use panel interviews and written examinations in selecting employees. I. Since Norrona is one of the biggest companies in Norway, it intends to employ more workers every year. Being one of the companies with the most number of branches, this number is considerably accurate for the operations of

Time Value of Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Time Value of Money - Essay Example It is based on the simple premise that â€Å"A penny in hand today is worth more than a penny in hand tomorrow†. This is on the basis of assumption that the money in hand today can be invested in various investment options which will increase the amount. Moreover, there is also an opportunity cost that is associated with the cash that is received later. This is the cost of the best foregone opportunity that could have been taken with the cash available (Econedlink.org, 2011). Cash received later can’t be used for any investment options present at the current time frame. The concept finds significant applications in the area of capital budgeting, lease versus buy decisions, accounts receivable analysis, financing arrangements, mergers and pension funding (Ross et.al., 2007, pg. 60). The concept of time value of money is used in every financial decision. This is done through two types of calculation. One includes calculating the present value of the cash that will be rece ived at a later stage while the other calculates the future value of the cash that is received now. One very important concept related to the time value of money is the Net Present Value (NPV). It is the sum of the present value of all the cash inflows minus the present value of its costs (Brigham & Ehrhardt, 2010, pg. 183). Net present finds usage in evaluating if the proposed projects shall be taken or not. If the net present value of the total project cash flows is negative, it should not be taken. The concept of the time value of money also finds application in evaluating the present value of various investment options such as bonds and stocks and identifying the best option to invest. 2. The formula for calculation of future value assuming that compound interest is given is: r is the rate of interest and n is the time period (Bierman & Smidt, 2003, pf. 17). a.) Present Value = $15,000 n = 5 years r = 7% b.) Present Value = $19,500 n = 3 years r = 4% c.) Present Value =$ 29,900 n = 7 years r = 2% d.) Present Value = $14,200 n = 10 years r = 0.9% 3. The formula for the calculation of present value for a given future value assuming application of compound rate of interest is: r is the rate of interest and n is the time period. a.) Future Value = $17,500 r = 4% n = 3 years b.) Future Value = $41,000 r = 5% n = 5 years c.) Future Value = $120,000 r = 12% n = 2 years d.) Future Value = $790,000 r = 1% n = 8 years 4. Let us assuming that we are getting the payment at the beginning of the years. The cash flow timeline looks like: Calculating the present value of the three future payments at the interest rate, r of 4% where, Present Value (Yi) is the present value of the cash received in year i The total present value is Thus the present value of the stream of annual payments is $519,497. 5. Let us assuming that we are getting the payment at the beginning of the years. The same is deposited into a bank account at the same time. The cash flow for the bank account w ill be: 6. Calculating the future value of the three payments at the end of third year at an interest rate of r = 2%, we get where Future Value (Yi) is the future value at the end of three years for the cash deposited in the bank account in year i. The total Future value at the end of three years is Thus, we can see that the amount in the bank account at the end of three years is $374,592 Conclusion We studied the importance of the concept of time value of money and calculated the same for different scenarios. The analysis enables us to

Stakeholder Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stakeholder Analysis Paper - Essay Example A typical issue that requires stakeholder analysis is delays in dispatch of purchases to their respective buyers. Inefficiencies leading to delays clearance and sending of consignments to their respective destinations cause congestion in the warehouses as well as confusion and possible misplacement of orders in the office. It is for this reason that a stakeholder analysis is crucial. To start with, identification of the various groups involved and their involvement in the whole problem is a crucial starting point. In this case, the dispatch manager, the warehouse administrator and his team, and the cognisee are the three entities whose actions and in action are responsible for the problem. The client, regulatory agencies, and tax officials are other stakeholders whose actions have a profound impact in this case. All these stakeholders have varied interest in the process, which determines the urgency with which they facilitate the process. The dispatch manger is responsible for cleari ng the purchases to enable the warehouse staff to process release of the goods to the cognisee. Failure or delays in executions of this important task will definitely lead to delays in dispatch. The warehouse administrator and his team have the duty of releasing the supplies in the quantities and manner listed in the dispatch order. In case of delays or improper communication from the dispatch team, confusion may set in and derail the entire process. Once the goods have been packaged and ready for release from the warehouse, the consignee has a duty of picking them up at an agreed time. If there are delays from the consignee, then the supplies will end up congesting the warehouse. The client on the other hand may delay in clearing all the necessary paperwork and financial requirements before release of goods. The tax regimes and regulatory authorities may also have impositions on certain goods, which may delay the entire process. As a manger, each of these stakeholders is a target f or review in order to ascertain the cause of delays. Could be laxity and incompetence on the part of the dispatch team, the warehouse or the consignee is responsible for this delays. System limitations, low motivation of employees, lack of proper communication and bureaucratic process may be the cause of all these delays. Finding all the issues that they deal with in processing the release of supplies is the first step in resolving the whole issue. On the other end, delays from the customer and regulating entities may be responsible for the problem. The final step after finding out the different pertinent issues that could be causing the problem is to look into ways of fixing the problem. The most important aspect is to ensure support and cooperation of all stakeholders in finding a solution. Each of the stakeholders will require different approach in order open up a discussion on the issue. Blame games and authoritative enquiry will only kill the process and lead to no tangible inf ormation. The planning process will involve all stakeholders, who should contribute ideas and possible solutions to the challenges. At the end, the manager will record all the issues that create opportunities and obstacles for stakeholder involvement, and use the information to resolve the issue. In conclusion, stakeholder analysis is a very useful tool that enables managers and institutions identify and effectively resolve issues in their workplaces. Through this process, stakeholders are able to participate in

Consideration Essay Example for Free

Consideration Essay An Agreement here is defined as every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other, is an agreement defined under section 2(e) of Indian Contract Act, 1872. Making a contract is simply a way of facilitating amongst other things, the exchange of goods and services. Under a contract the, parties voluntarily assume their obligations or undertakings. Consideration is the recompense given by the party contracting to the other. 2. Consideration is the price for which the promise of the other is bought, and the promise thus given for value is enforceable. 3. Consideration means something which is of some value in the eyes of the law. 4. A valuable consideration in the sense of the law, may consist either in some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other. If a bargain gives a party a choice of alternative obligations, each alternative on its own must constitute sufficient consideration for the return promise. If a promise is void or voidable – e. g. , due to the incapacity of the promisor – the sufficiency of the consideration is not necessarily negated. The judges, when they exercise this power of interference, are playing an extrinsic test which frustrates the expectation of the parties. It does not follow however, that such a test is necessarily harsh, still less that it is illogical. In some of the cases the law is settled, other are shrouded in controversies; but in all of them the grounds of interference seems to be the same. Consideration made not be adequate and may, on occasion be extremely tenuous, but it must comprise ome element which can be regarded as the price of the defendant promise; and merely to repeat an existing obligation may well seem to offer nothing at all. It may be appreciated that a person, who by his official status or through the operation of the law is under a public duty to act in a certain way, is not regarded as furnishing consideration merely by promising to discharge the duty. For example, no one would expect a policeman to bargain with a citizen for the price of his protection. In the case stated the defendant argued that this meant that they were not obliged to pay for the large number if policemen who attend their ground at home matches because, in present conditions of crowd behaviour, a major police presence at the ground was necessary to preserve law and order. The Court of Appeal thought that there was a fundamental difference on the facts. In the Glassbrook case the threat to law and order was external to the parties since neither could call off the strike. In the present case, the defendant had voluntarily to put on their matches at times, typically Saturday afternoons, when large attendance and therefore large possibilities of disorder where likely, and when a substantial police presence could only be achieved by calling policemen of their rest days and paying large sum of overtime. The police authority were, therefore, entitled to be paid. When the plaintiff is bound by an existing contractual duty to the defendant : There is no consideration if all that the plaintiff does is to perform, or to promise the performance of, an obligation already imposed upon him by previous contract between him and the defendant is illustrated by a group of thesis in the first half of 19th century. In this case the defendant where a firm of building contractors who entered into a contract for the refurbishment of a block of 27 flats. They sub contracted the carpentry work to the plaintiff for 20,000. Although there was no formal arrangement to this effect, the plaintiff was paid money on account. After the contract had been running for some months and the plaintiff had finished the carpentry at 9 of the flats and done some preliminary work in all the rest, for which he had received some 16,200 on account, he found that he was in financial difficulties. This difficulties arose partly because the plaintiff had underestimated the cost of doing the work in the first place and partly because of faulty supervision of his work men. The plaintiff and the defendants had a meeting at which the defendants agreed to pay the plaintiff a further 10,300 at a rate of 575 per flat to be paid as each flat was completed. The plaintiff carried on work and finished some 8 further flats but only 1one further payment of 1,500 was made. The plaintiff stopped work and brought an action for damages. The defendant argued that they were not liable as they had simply promised to pay the plaintiff extra for doing what he has in any case obliged to do, that is to finish to the contract. The Court of Appeal might perhaps have found consideration in what Russell LJ described as the replacement of a haphazard method of payment by a more formalised scheme involving the payment of the specified sum on the completion of each flat since it was clear that the under the original contract there was no express agreement for stage payments. 3. Composition with creditors : It has long been a common practise for the creditors of an impecunious debtor to make an arrangement with him where by each agrees to accept a stated percentage of his debt in full satisfaction. The search for a sufficient consideration to support so reasonable an agreement has caused the courts much embarrassments. It would appear at first sight to fall under the ban in Pinnels case, and such was the view adopted in 1804 by Lord Ellenborough. Two alternatives suggestions have been proffered. The first was the second thought of Lord himself. There was consideration for the composition, he suggested in 1812, in the fact that each individual creditor agreed to forgo part of his debt on the hypothesis that all the other creditors would do the ame. A moments reflection will expose the weakness of this argument. Such a consideration would, no doubt, suffice to support the agreement as between the creditors themselves. But, if the debtor sought to rely upon it, he would be met by the immediate objection that he himself had furnished to return for the creditors promises to him, and, as already observed, it is a cardinal rule of the law that the consideration must move from the prom isee. A second solution is to say that no creditor will be allowed to go behind the composition agreement, to the prejudice either of the other creditors or of the debtor himself, because this would be a fraud upon all the parties concerned. The solution was suggested by Lord Tenterden in 1818 and supported by Willes J in 1863, and it has since won general approbation. But it is frankly an argument ab inconvenienti and evades rather than meets the difficulty. Where the plaintiff is bound by an existing contractual duty to a third party : When the plaintiff performs, or promises to perform, an obligation already imposed upon him by a contract previously made, not between him and the defendant, but himself and the third party. The question whether such a promise or a performance affords suficient consideration has provoked a voluminous literature more generous, indeed, then the practical implications would seem to warrant. In a case mentioned here the defendant agreed to pay money to he plaintiff in return for the plaintiff promise (a) to execute a separation deed and b)to pay his debts to a third party. The promise to execute the separation deed raised questions of public policy but was held good consideration.

Language Attitudes And Ideologies English Language Essay

Language Attitudes And Ideologies English Language Essay In a contemporary society especially in a diverse country such as South Africa, language plays an important role in defining identity. As a result of the many diverse cultures, South Africans are exposed to a vast amount of different languages. These languages form part of identity and thus are accompanied by certain language ideologies and attitudes. Language ideology may be defined as shared beliefs about language forms and practices embedded in social conflicts over power (Volk and Angelova, 2007:177). Attitudes on the other hand are closely related to ideologies, and are described as learned reactions toward a person or situation (Steinberg, 2007). This essay aims to research the effects of a multilingual university (UWC) community on language use and ideology. It will also provide reasons for these effects and how attitudes relate to language ideology. To begin the study my research population consisted of a UWC male student, age twenty five and his first language is Setswana. In order to conduct the research I first posed a question to this student. The question was as follows; Given that you have been at UWC for at least two years, what effect is your membership of a multilingual university community having on your language use and ideology? The student answered that being at UWC has changed his ideology of different languages, because of the diverse language speakers and the formation of strong friendships he has been forced to become familiar with other languages. I then used this response as a framework to begin the research. As this is a qualitative research study I have made use of the survey-questionnaire method to gather my data. I have particularly applied the Linkert Scale style questionnaire that consists of statements and of which the participants answers are among the following; strongly agree/ agree/ unsure/disagree/ strongly disagree. The participant would then provide the reasons for their answers. The statements on the Linkert Scale questionnaire were as follows: I am happy with English as the main medium of instruction at UWC I would be more successful in my academic studies if my home/first language could be used in lectures and tutorials The other languages are sufficiently developed for use at tertiary level, and should not only be used for informal communication Its a good thing that we have a common language here at UWC to help us communicate across linguistic boundaries Im pleased that Ive picked up some words and expressions in other languages here at UWC The other part of the questionnaire asked for reasons for answers and provided writing space for the students response. In this case the student then provided reasons for his response to the above statements which made up the full data which I have made use of in this essay. The findings consisted of the responses to the above statements and the reasons for the response. The participants response to statement one was that he strongly agrees with English being a medium of instruction at UWC. His reason for his response was as follows Since different students come from different backgrounds/cultures and languages its only fair to have English as a lingua Franca common to all. Thus in this case I have found that the participant feels that English is a language spoken by all students at UWC. He also suggests that it is fair to have English as a medium of instruction, because all students at UWC share the common understanding of English whether it be a first, second or third language acquisition. This explains English as a lingua franca, the term lingua franca describes a language serving as a regular means of communication between different linguistic groups in a multilingual speech community Holmes (1997:86). The participant in this case is happy with the f act that English is used as a medium of instruction. The students response to statement two was that he disagrees that he would be more successful academically if his first language was a medium of instruction. The students reason for this is as follows No, I am more competent in English than my mother tongue when it comes to reading and writing as I last stopped using my first language for reading and writing in standard 3. It is clear, judging by the participants response, that he has lost proficiency in his first language in reading and writing due to being educated in English for so long. As a result of being educated in English for such a long time the student seems to feel more competent with English. This evidence gives rise to the notion that English may be the predominant language for educating a multilingual society due to its global recognition. The participants response to statement three was that he strongly disagrees with the assumption that, other languages are sufficiently developed for use at tertiary level and should not only be used for informal communication. The students reason for this is When it comes to Afrikaans and Xhosa I understand because these are the languages predominantly spoken in the Western Cape, but if its other languages it would not be fair to the other 11 official languages which are not used in tertiary education. The student in this instance feels as that English, Afrikaans and Xhosa are the only three languages developed at tertiary level as there is predominance in the amount of speakers of these languages. However, the participant disagrees that other languages should be used as a medium of instruction at tertiary level because it would be unfair to those who cannot understand the language. The student also feels that should one language, other than English/Afrikaans or Xhosa, be used as a m edium of instruction at tertiary level it would be unfair to the other eleven official languages that are not used in this way. The students answer to statement four was that he strongly agrees that its a good thing that we have a common language at UWC to communicate across linguistic boundaries. The students reason for this is as follows; If it wasnt for English as a lingua franca we would all be lost unless we share a 1st language, So it very good that we have a lingua franca as we connect/communicate well. In this case it is evident that the participant feels generally pleased that there is a language that can break through linguistic boundaries. The student in this case feels that English has the power to do so as a result of its wide range of speakers. It is also clear that the student agrees that English as a lingua franca helps us to communicate with other students from different linguistic backgrounds. The last statement the partaker responded that he agrees that he is pleased he has picked up some words and expressions in other languages. His reason for this is Yes I am this helps to communicate better with student who I do not share the same 1st language with, helps to build friendships and more, it brings people together. With regard to this response it seems that the student is pleased that he is able to pick up words form other languages that help to form relationships. To conclude the findings it is apparent that language attitudes form part of ideologies. Judging by the data I have gathered the participant provided insight of his attitude toward different languages especially English. It is obvious that English is a medium of instruction that the participant is pleased with as he would not have chosen UWC as an institution for higher education if this was not the case. The participant thus has a positive attitude towards English and the ideology (shared beliefs of language forms and practices) that English is a lingua franca common to all, increases this positive attitude. In this instance it brings to mind the assumption that we attain our attitudes from our ideologies. In essence it is apparent that our ideologies influence our attitudes toward various languages and it is these components that constitute as part of our identity. Language thus forms part of identity and in a modernised multilingual society the choice of identity is open to all. To elaborate one can side with the post-modern researchers who suggest that Post-modern accounts of identity have reacted against traditional and essentialist views by proposing an almost unlimited range of identity choices (Wallace, 2008:61). We as South Africans may be faced with the challenge of the battle between predominant and minor languages in a diverse country that consists of many different languages. Yet it is still astonishing to see that an institution such as UWC is able to bring people together even if it is through the use of English as a medium of instruction.

Plan for launching a sugarcane juice

Plan for launching a sugarcane juice This report explains the marketing plan for launching a sugarcane Juice named Freezy. This product has been made by the Freshwater. In the very beginning of the report we have explained the mission and vision of the Sugarcane juice and then we have further carried out our activities to achieve our goals and objectives. It will be introduced in the market with the help of various promotional displays, advertisement and distribution of free samples to the general public and financial institution. This report examines that this product is initially launching in Whole Pakistan domestic market. The study included both primary and secondary research. We have conducted SWOT analysis of the company to see the companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Then we have explained the purposes, benefits and objectives of our product. Then we have made marketing strategies for our product. We have divided market into different segments and decided to target the male, female, youngster mature and old age person. We have also paid special attention to the packaging, color and price of the product. We have decided to place the product in all the markets of Pakistan. We will promote our product through electronic media, print media, cable, and outdoor sources. We shall also conduct a market survey in future to know the opinion of public about our product and developed our product accordingly to our customers changing needs and demands. Description of the Company Freezy is the brand name of new juice launched by Freshwater in Pakistan. Freshwater is founded in 2010 with the launching of their first product named as Freezy. High capital investments are involved in new business. We have started this business to produce new products and to monopolize the market through our products. Our target products in which we are specialized are juices. So we will produce new and new type of juices in different flavors which already doesnt exist in the market. After observing the high consumption of sugar cane juices at the roadside sellers of non-purified sugar cane juice, we realized the need for sugar cane juice because for long period of time there was no entry in the market as sugar cane juice in the form of disposable bottle packing. We are launching our product throughout the Pakistan except some cold climate areas. Mission Statement To refresh the people of all ages with our product. We want to be at the top in the field of juices and breweries. Vision To evolve as one of the best Producer of quality sugarcane which is organically, grown extract juice scientifically and, serve totally natural healthy and hygienic DESI refreshment in the world and continue to retain the position. Product Our product is basically a sugarcane juice in a bottle pack. The product will be enjoying a monopoly in the market as there is no existing sugarcane juice in the form of disposable bottle in the market but if we see as overall market than there is no monopoly for this juice because this juice is been sold on the roadsides by crushing the sugar cans with machines in the glass. Sugar cane juice is a healthy alternative to refined sugar. While both sweeteners are made from sugar cane, evaporated cane juice does not undergo the same degree of processing that refined sugar does. Therefore, unlike refined sugar, it retains more of the nutrients found in sugar cane. Sugar cane juice is a highly refreshing drink. It contains about 15 per cent natural sugar and is rich in organic salts and vitamins. Fresh sugar cane juice has no preservatives, however its tendency to turn black from oxidation soon after pressing is very high, so to secure from oxidation we should pack in air tight di sposable bottle packaging. Current Situation Market Analysis Market Definition: Demographic and Geographic segmentation: Age: 3+ Years Gender: Both male and female. Income: All social classes except lower lower. Geographic: We are targeting all of the Pakistan except some of the northern areas in Pakistan Market Needs In summer people of all ages take soft drinks and juices to reduce their thirst. So Sugarcane juice in disposable bottle pack is highly demanded by customers because it reduces the thirst and it is useful for healthy life because it is hygienic and pure. So when it is highly available at affordable price at everywhere customers will use Sugarcane juice than soft drinks because it has no side effects and it is safe. Total population As our current target is the whole country Pakistan other than some northern areas so total population will be almost 100+ million people. Potential market As if we take a look at the market of Pakistan huge number of people are interested in consuming liquid products as their daily usage products like juices. The sugar cane juice is available on the roadsides but they are not much purified which is block between the juice and the upper class customers which are basically loyal to quality specially. So the probability of marketing Sugarcane juice to potential customer as upper class or quality loyal customer will be high. If we look overall our potential customer are almost all of the people in the country from lower middle class to upper middle class except the northern areas because people are not much demanding the frosty drinks there. Market segmentation Selecting Target Market: According to market segmentation our target market are the people of almost all the classes starting from lower upper to upper class. As according to the demographics people use to drink the sugarcane juice in the summer season. As this product is particularly for summer season because it only taste well in hot climate. And consuming it in winter doesnt suits the mind of people because people tend to consume hot products like coffee and tea. Our less focus areas are the northern areas because throughout the year those areas are having cold climates. Our Target Market based on demographics Includes: Individuals with age 3 years and above Individuals across all income groups Working and non working individuals Students Institutions and offices Restaurants and hotels Psychographic Segmentation: According to psychographic segmentation we targeted people who are: Health conscious customers Customers who have preference towards Nature and natural products Quality conscious customers Customers who have diverse tastes and Seek variety Non users and potential users Competitor: Our competitors are the roadside sellers of sugar cane juice. But the substitute products are another big competitive force affecting our product in the market. Substitute competitors include Manufacturers and producers of: Branded and unbranded fruit juices. Fruit based milk drinks. Natural mineral water. Fruit shakes. These substitute products are totally different in nature from the sugar cane juice but still its a substitute because these are also cold juices. There are some factors which differ allot between our juice and roadside juice sellers juice who are the main competitor of FREEZY Juice: We are different from roadside sellers because Our juice is a purified and quality assured product. We offer juice in a sealed bottle packing where as roadside sellers are delivering the product in the glasses. We have quality standards and can turn customers from the road to our outlet through effective marketing strategies. Due to lack of packing roadside sellers are not easily available everywhere. Whereas our product is available in every general store in almost all the target cites in Pakistan. Market trends: In target market there is trend of soft drinks and juices. People use juices to have a fit life and also to serve their guests as well. Because juices are hygienic and nutritious and have a good taste then soft drinks. In summer its usage is more so the availability should be increased to meet the demand of customers. Summary of Situation Analysis: SWOT Analysis: Internal: Strength: First opportunity that we enjoy is that we are playing a monopoly in the means of sugar cane juice in the form of packing in Pakistan. As for first producer of sugar cane juice in bottle packing in Pakistan we can make our customer loyal to our product in the means of brand, quality, price etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. by making effective marketing strategies. Weaknesses : As the juice is fresh and no artificial flavors are used in the production of the juice. So juice has not long lasting life. The life of juice is 15 days which creates barriers for not buying juices in bulk for home use. External: Opportunity As for new product in the market we can make huge number of profits from the market. We can introduce flavored sugarcane juices. E.g., mint and ginger flavor etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This in results can increase the sales to earn more profits to the organization. We can export our product to foreign country in order to earn more profit. Threats Due to growth in inflation rate in Pakistan the intermediary goods are getting expensive which lead to an increase in price in future and increase in price leads to a loss of customer from the most lower class of our target market and price conscious customers as well, and may affect sales by turning to substitute and competitive goods. Our product is especially for summers so there is low number of sales in winter season. So high marketing costs are required to increase sales in winter season. There are no many entry barriers so a large numbers of local juices enter in juices market. Marketing Strategies: Product: Core benefit Core benefit means the services and benefits the customer is really buying. Our customer fulfills its need of thrust and refreshment by buying our freezy juice. Juice as being a pure sugarcane juice without any artificial flavors is also a core benefit of our product Augmented product Products that include deign, features and packaging that go beyond consumer expectations and differentiate the product from competitors. Our juice taste and flavor is according to the customer expectations because we provide 100% pure juice. We have no compromise with quality Following things include in the sale of product: Design The design of sugarcane juice that it will be in attractive and stylish disposable bottle pack in following size: 250ml 500ml 1000ml Features The features of our product are: Use full for healthy life Good in taste Help to digest food Everyday Energy Available in different flavors in future. Packaging: Our product will be in disposable bottle packaging and is air tight sealed so the juice could survive for some period of time. The design of our packing is attractive and eye catching. Price: The price of the product can also influence the buying behavior of the consumers because in Pakistan there are different level of classes based on the income difference so price is the one of the important factor, some of the consumer can afford the price and others cant, so we must set the price of the product that is afforded by all the social classes of the region. So we use penetration pricing strategy. If we look at the middle middle till lower lower class in Pakistan all of the people are highly price conscious. Price Structure (Consumer price): 250ml Rs.20 500 ml Rs.35 1000ml Rs.60 Distribution: The place of the distribution and availability of the product also influence the buying behavior because if the product is in reach of the consumer he will prefer it and if it is hard to find the product in the market he will never buy that product. So we have effective distribution strategies by making distributors in every city and provided them with number of facilities like order bookers and sales persons and a supervisor. And we allow our distributors to supply product to both wholesalers and retailers. Because of this our product will be available at more shops and our sales will increase. Distribution Channel: Manufacturer Distributor Retailer Wholesaler Promotional Strategies: The promotion of the product i.e. the advertisement, sales promotion and other promotional tools can change the buying behavior because some of the individuals highly influenced by the advertisement of the product. We have decided to use integrated marketing communication in which there will be blend of different marketing promotional tools that will convey clear and consistent message of our product to the customers. These Promotional tools which are given below: Newspapers: Newspaper has the widest readership and circulation among our targeted market; these would carry most of the advertisements for the publication media. Also, the print ads will be published in other much read newspapers like be designed, i.e. half page and quarter page. Television: Tele commercials will be aired on sports channels and news channels as the viewer ship Of these channels is highly common among the targeted market. Billboards: Billboards will be placed at busy roads in big cities. Billboards will be our most permanent and long lasting form of advertisement. Promotional Vans and Activities: Promotional vans would be deployed on public places which would distribute sugar cane juice for free giving out the message of being an instant energy drink. This campaign of free sampling would last for three months at least in order to make people aware of the benefits and the attributes. Also all the delivery vans distributor have will be printed by the advertisement of Freezy juice. Promotional Activities includes the display of juice in the retail shops by paying retailers or giving discount on the juice. And deploying stalls outside or inside the shop so to bring in the product to the customers who came to the retail shop for purchasing and create awareness in them for the purchase of Freezy Sugar cane juice.

American Indians :: essays research papers Native American Indian

The American Indians Between 1609 To 1865 The Native Americans or American Indians, once occupied all of the entire region of the United States. They were composed of many different groups, who speaked hundreds of languages and dialects. The Indians from the Southwest used to live in large built terraced communities and their way of sustain was from the agriculture where they planted squash, pumpkins, beans and corn crops. Trades between neighboring tribes were common, this brought in additional goods and also some raw materials such as gems, cooper. seashells and soapstone.To this day, movies and television continue the stereotype of Indians wearing feathered headdresses killing innocent white settlers. As they encountered the Europeans, automatically their material world was changed. The American Indians were amazed by the physical looks of the white settlers, their way of dressing and also by their language. The first Indian-White encounter was very peaceful and trade was their principal interaction. Tension and disputes were sometimes resolved by force but more often by negotiation or treaties. On the other hand, the Natives were described as strong and very innocent creatures awaiting for the first opportunity to be christianized. The Indians were called the â€Å"Noble Savages† by the settlers because they were cooperative people but sometimes, after having a few conflicts with them, they seem to behaved like animals. We should apprehend that the encounter with the settlers really amazed the natives, they were only used to interact with people from their own race and surroundings and all of this was like a new discovery for them as well as for the white immigrants. The relations between the English and the Virginian Indians was somewhat strong in a few ways. They were having marriages among them. For example, when Pocahontas married John Rolfe, many said it has a political implication to unite more settlers with the Indians to have a better relation between both groups. As for the Indians, their attitude was always friendly and full of curiosity when they saw the strange and light-skinned creatures from beyond the ocean. The colonists only survived with the help of the Indians when they first settler in Jamestown and Plymouth. In this areas, the Indians showed the colonists how to cultivate crops and gather seafood.The Indians changed their attitude from welcome to hostility when the strangers increased and encroached more and more on hunting and planting in the Natives’ grounds.

Good Advice :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

Good Advice Good advice is different for everyone and is distinct each time you receive it. Sometimes I receive advice and don’t realize what it is until I actually need to apply it. This occurred in Andrea Kunze’s paper. Her dad had always warned her that boys were the devil and on her first day of school the advice he had been giving her all along suddenly could make sense. Some advice I’m given allows me to ponder over options I hadn’t thought of before. Other times who ever happens to be helping me envisions a solution that is a variation of what I had contemplated. This goes with the theory that two heads are better than one. The way I think differs from everyone else’s conceptions. When two people work on the same problem they’re able to come up with variations on how to solve it. By listening to what someone else has to say about a situation, they bring in an objective opinion that might shed a different angle of lightening on a possible solution. An example of this is when I had to make a model of the human heart out of clay for biology. I was trying to mold the outside of the heart while still showing the parts of the inside. My dad noticed me struggling on this project so taking it from me, he restructured it by cutting the heart in half so you could still see what the outside looked like on one side of the model whil e the other side showed what the heart looks like in the inside. Whenever I seek guidance I turn to my friends, parents, acquaintances, and teachers because I respect their judgment. Given a difficult decision to make, even though I know what their response will be, I still look to them for help. I search for their understanding to reinforce what I already know I need to do. It’s easier for me to make a decision because when I hear the same solution being said by someone else I know someone is behind me, supporting my choice even if I mess up. They can show me options that would work for my situation and they won’t try and mislead me by giving advise that could cause me to get hurt. Like Douglas Crane wrote, â€Å"The advisor doesn’t have secret plans to use the advise for their personal gain, the advisor had respect and in most/all cases, love for the advisee.

Argumentative Against Death Penalty

Abolishment of Capital Punishment Capital punishment should be abolished for the following reasons. 1) It violates the Eight Amendment of the use of cruel and unusual punishment, for which the Supreme Court has vacillated. 2) It is a form of premeditated murder. 3) It promotes racism. 4) It can be administered to innocent individuals through tainted evidence. 5) The death penalty does not deter criminals from committing violent crimes. The death penalty is a form of cruel and unusual punishment that violates citizen’s Eighth Amendment which has forced the Supreme Court to step in and evaluate this form of punishment.The death penalty has not always been practiced in the United States; however, there have been about 13,000 people who have been legally executed since colonial times. In 1972, the Supreme Court effectively nullified the death penalty. However, in 1976 another Supreme Court found capital punishment to be Constitutional (White 1). One must wonder why they made this decision. In 2007 the court put executions across the country on hold for eight months while it examined whether lethal injection, the most common means of executing prisoners, violated the Eight Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment (Lacayo).How can they not see this form of punishment as cruel and unusual? Individuals are killed by electricity seeping through their bodies, or drugs that cause their organs to shut down one at a time. It’s difficult to unerstand what the government perceives as cruel and unusual punishment. Maybe to them this would mean lining individuals up and killing them at point blank range. What could be crueler than strapping individuals to a chair and sending electricity through their bodies essentially cooking their insides, or putting a lethal dose of drugs into their body that causes organ failure.The method of taking another human’s life is cruel no matter how it is achieved. This gives too much power to individuals in society. The death penalty is a form of premeditated murder. According to dictionary. com, murder is the killing or slaughter of an individual inhumanely or barbarously. What gives the state or normal everyday citizens the right to determine whether or not an individual lives or dies? This is essentially doing what the criminal did and justifying it by hiding behind the law. Murder is murder whether it is committed by the drug dealer on the street or y the executioner who administers the lethal dose of medication into the inmate’s veins. Some individuals feel that the death penalty gives way to racism and class oppression. African Americans and Latinos represent the majority of inmates on death row. Because of this, executions are exclusively for the poor. Ninety percent of those awaiting execution cannot afford to hire a competent trial attorney (â€Å"Reasons to Abolish Death Penalty,†). Too often those convicted are unable to afford a dream defense team and must set tle for court appointed attorneys.These attorneys are often overworked and underpaid. In many cases the appointed attorney has little at stake regardless of the outcome. The biggest problem with the use of the death penalty is that often innocent individuals are sentenced to this heinous form of punishment. There are a staggering number of cases where individuals have been wrongfully convicted. Over the past few years, there have been several stories of individuals who have been convicted of horrific crimes and been sentenced to death only to be freed years later by DNA evidence. Here is a prime example of one of those individuals.Earl Washington spent almost ten years on Virginia’s death row. He was exonerated by DNA evidence and pardoned by the governor. The same DNA test that cleared Earl, implicated a known serial rapist, yet law enforcement and prosecution continue to claim Earl guilty, apparently believing that Earl raped the victim leaving another man’s sperm. N ationwide over 100 condemned Americans have been exonerated since 1976 and walked off death row as free men (Ballard). Even though we have come a long way with DNA there will always be police officers who are pressured to solve cases too fast.Some may use whatever tools are necessary including planting evidence or falsifying documents to establish guilt. As with the case above most police officers, as well as district attorneys, do not want to admit when they are wrong, even if it spares the life of an innocent human. It is heard time and time again that capital punishment helps to deter similar crimes. Evidence does not support this claim. Representative Maxine Waters stated that she does not believe you deter the taking of lives by others by having a death penalty.She went on to say that in the final analysis it does not work fairly if there’s any such thing as being fair about killing people (â€Å"Reasons to Abolish Death Penalty†) Society tends to follow the trend s and mindset of those around them. They often feel that since the Supreme Court has upheld the death penalty, it does not violate the rights of those citizens who have been tried and convicted of crimes that warrant this type of punishment. They presume that justice is being carried out in accordance with the laws that the United States government has set forth.Then there are those who feel the death penalty is an appropriate means of punishing individuals who commit heinous crimes. Many people often refer to this biblical verse, â€Å"Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand and foot for foot† (King James Version, Exodus 20:28). Too often they feel that this gives them the right to take justice into their own hands. Some individuals feel as though criminals should die by execution if the crime fits the punishment. Talk show host Larry Elder stated that society has the right to judge who lives and who dies.He says â€Å"criminals have made the ultimate sin against societ y and society is making a moral statement about your conduct† (Ballard, 2003). People who support the death penalty laugh at the notion that they are promoting racism. Statistics about race indicate that 90% of crimes are committed against whites. The study also stated that African Americans committed 7. 5 times more violent than whites (Sheehan, 1995). The conclusion is drawn that they are not targeting race as a factor when handing out death penalties, they are punishing the perpetrator of the crime without taking the race of the individual into factor.The fact that innocent people are placed on death row has not deterred judges from handing down this punishment. Many do not discount the fact that several people have been placed on death row only to be exonerated. The justice system allows every individual convicted of a crime so many appeals before the sentence is carried out. To the supporters of the death penalty this allows those wrongfully convicted the opportunity to p roduce evidence that will exonerate themselves. Supporters of the death penalty feel as though this helps to deter other criminals from committing the same act.According to a dozen studies, execution saves lives. The study stated that for each inmate executed three to eighteen murders are prevented (Liptak, 2007). Two law professors from Harvard also agree that the evidence of deterrent effect from capital punishment seems impressive. They seem to agree that capital punishment will save lives. After examining the information available for both the supporters and the non-supporters of capital punishment, it is clearly evident that capital punishment should be abolished. This form of unishment is cruel and unusual. It also allows our peers to commit murder by standing behind the law, which is no different than the criminals that are being put to death. Too often this form of punishment is passed down to innocent individuals who spend years trying to clear their name, and often do not get the chance to do so. Furthermore, there is not enough evidence to support that the death penalty deters other criminals. After all, there are better ways that tax money could be spent on individuals who commit crimes against society.The question that the government needs to ask themselves is if this form of punishment is worth the cost of innocent life that comes with it. Works Cited â€Å"Another Reason to Abolish the Death Penalty. † Workers. com. 2009. 11 Mar. 2013. . Ballard, Scotty . www. findarticles. com. 2003. 11 Mar. 2013. . Lacayo, Richard . â€Å"The Tide Shifts Against the Death Penalty. † www. time. com. 3 Feb. 2009. 12 Mar. 2013. . Liptak, Adam . â€Å"Does Death Penalty Save Lives?A New Debate. † The New York Times. 18 Nov. 2007. 12 Mar. 2013. . Sheenan, Paul . â€Å"The Race War of Blacks Against Whites. † heretical. com. 20 May. 1995. 11 Mar. 2013. . The Holy Bible, King James Version. New York: Oxford Edition: 1769; King James Bible Online, 2008. http://www. kingjamesbibleonline. org/. White, Deborah . â€Å"Pros and Cons of Death Penalty and Capital Punishment. † About. com US Liberal Politics. 12 Mar. 2013. .

The Burke-Litwin Casual model

bump off-Litwin Casual illustration is a flummox used by organizations to monitor organizational operations in terms of change and performance levels. The founders of the ensample were Litwin and some other people. In the mid-eighties dispatch made the model much refined than they did ( off & Litwin, 1992). Burke added some variables that dedicate the model different from other models that had been in use. Burke-Litwin casual model is the latest model, more than useful to organizations. The model has defined sundry(a) variables that organizations should use for assessing their performances and changes. AT & T Structure. check to Burke-Litwin model, firms should harbor sound infrastructure systems such as duties and responsibilities, reports and authorities, converse and socialization that ar geargond towards foregathering the organizations goals, strategies and missions. AT & T plenty is a fellowship that was established in the 1885. The company mission is to provid e telecommunication run locally and internationally. Their business schema is to be efficient, affordable and competitive in the telecommunication sector as they maximize guest satisfaction. (Horton & Dorman, 2005).The company has been a supplier of whole step and extravagantlyly reliable communication services for centuries. AT & T is thoroughly known for its wide range pull aheadings and multimedia services to twain consumers and businesses worldwide. AT & T has more than two trillion customers in both private and governmental organizations, and in the domestic and international markets. AT&T applies parts and mechanistic style of wariness. The company is highly reputable in coherent distance communication services for both businesses and consumers all over the world. The structure of AT&T fits well with the Burke-Litwin model. (Horton & Dorman, 2005). Tasks and SkillsAccording to Burke & Litwin model, there are particular(prenominal) qualities and capabilities req uired for a person to fit in a given position (Burke & Litwin, 1992). An organization in business should therefore check on that when recruiting members. AT & T emphasizes on high skilled staff to provide woodland services to the customer. The company has highly invested on applied science, innovations, high skills and dedicated customer care. These are the core competence factors. Dedicated customer care has attracted an increased number of customers and combine net wrick as a technology use has made AT & T to improve on communication services (Horton & Dorman).These factors makes AT & T fit the Burke & Litwin model Management practices According to Burke & Litwin (1992), organizations should assess how the managers deal with the other workers. For a success the employees should be given a chance to participate fully in developing an organization. In AT &T employees are allowed to take part in the doing processes depending on which area they are specialized in. The organization calls for a teamwork and dedication. The management has eer believed on partnerships to make them chance upon their goals (Horton & Dorman, 2005).For instance they partnered with CBS hence a participatory management. This fits with the Burke & Litwin model. Systems and Policies Systems are the policies and mechanisms used in an organization as standards to facilitate quality improvements. These may include communication, gross revenue and merchandising, production methods (Burke & Litwin, 2005). According to Horton & Dorman (2005), AT & T believes on quality productions to satisfy the customers, hence the acquire for employing high skilled people. Sales and trade is done by the sales and marketing team to sell the products.AT & T has limited charges for the customer services and also turn customized or personalized services to earn revenue. This is according to the Burke & Litwin model. Work building block climate This is the impression given by the members of an organizat ion towards the organizational performance. This exit in return influence their interrelationship (Burke & Litwin, 2005). AT & T Company has no specific social structures. AT & T has always considered employing domestic workers in large numbers pool as compared to the international.The company always outsourced sooner than train the workers for such services (Horton & Dorman, 2005). This will make the employees feel a smell of belonging and be committed to their work. This doesnt fit with the Burke & Litwin model. Motivation According to Burke & Litwin (2005), this is an inward driving get that makes one take the recommended actions to achieve a required goal. Howard (1994), employees satisfaction will right away affect customer satisfaction. AT & T has no plans in place to realise the employees are well catered for. The employees are not recognized to be rewarded for good performances.This may make some of them loss strain on their responsibilities (Horton & Dorman, 2005). T his doesnt fit with the Burke & Litwin model. Conclusion. AT & T has a in operation(p) or product departmentation structure. This is because the company has its departments staged according to the functions they offer like sales and marketing. The departments are also arranged depending products they resurrect for instance consumer products in consumer services department or segment (Horton & Dorman, 2005). AT & T has a culture for their operations to meet customer satisfaction and always work in partnership for quality.Through quality products, AT & T improved on the revenue (Denison, 1990). Reference Burke, W. W. & Litwin, G. H. (1992), A causal model of organizational performance and change. Journal of Management, 18 (3), pp. 523-545. Denison, D. R. (1990), Corporate culture and organizational effectiveness. bare-assed York, NY John Wiley & Sons. Horton, W. T. and Dorman, D. W. (2005), AT & T Corporation. Securities and metamorphose Commission Washington, DC 20549. From 10-K /A. Howard, A. (Ed. ) (1994), Diagnosis for organizational change Methods and models. New York, NY The Guilford Press.