Chapter Two Literature Review - 3209 Words

Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Overview The term brand equity refers to the incremental value added by a brand name to a product (Pappu et al., 2011, cited in Farquhar, 1989). Celebrity Endorsements could be when there were consumer attachments to the popular figure who, which represented the products or services of the brands. Brands are popularised by different marketing techniques that navigate how the brand accumulates loyalty and trust amongst its consumer market (Chaudhuri Holbrook, 2001). Even though a brand has the possibility of branching out and creating product categories to balance its products within the brand, it is unable to perform the same action with a celebrity endorsement with that particular brand (Silvera †¦show more content†¦Accordingly, this section will describe this case in detail. In order to understand the effectiveness and efficiency of a celebrity, so, the importance of the three key features, brands, celebrities. In addition key features will be described for a thoroug h analysis in the further process. 2.2 The Concept of Brand According to Armstrong, 2010, has defined brands are names, symbols, marks or a design that differentiates a product, company or an organization from its competitors, allowing the consumer market to gain the ability of choice. Brands enhance the consumers’ ability to enjoy shopping and also the choice for a certain product feature, where the brand that matches the consumer â€Å"check-list† the most is purchased. However, the strongest and most well-known brands are distinguished by their ability to create a large amount of awareness, frequency, and reach, with a collaboration of effective marketing tactics, which preserves their noticeable brands’ reputation in the competitive markets (Holm, 2006). However, in the field of marketing, there are several methods that can be used for brands to acquire a position in the market and its consumers’ minds. These compromises of advertisement, television commercial, press release, and many more, which have a major role in effecting the consumers’ acceptance of a brand or product and the decision-making process (Darley et al., 2010). Additionally, research found thatShow MoreRelatedChapter Two : Review Of Literature1584 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ'Chapter Two: Review of Literature Teachers in the United States are facing a new challenge. According to Capps (2007), at the time of the 2000 census, there were 3 million foreign born children in the United States and one fifth of the students in public schools were children of immigrants. This trend is expected to continue and even increase. In 2004, approximately 11% of the student population was identified as English language learners. This is a 60% increase from 1994 (Conger, 2008). ImmigrationRead MoreChapter Two. Literature Review. 2.1 Employee Training And709 Words   |  3 PagesCHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Employee Training and Development Overview: (Kum, F.D. etc., 2014). indicated that Training and development is a critical process, which seeks to improve the performance of workers in the organization. In order to form competent committees, employees’ relevant expertise and intellectual capacity needs to be improved. Some of the projects executed by ESCON fail at an embryonic stage owing to the fact that tenders are awarded to the lowest priced contractor. MoreoverRead MoreChapter Two: Literature Review. 2.1 Introduction . In This1780 Words   |  8 PagesChapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, an overview of the state of the art system of an induction motor is carried out. It looks at various induction motor control methodologies utilizing current and voltage control to control the flux and the torque of the dynamic system. Highlight of the current and future challenges of induction motor drives are presented. To do that, a general principle of induction motor drives is discussed first follow by phase controlled of inductionRead MoreThe Importance Of Music For This Group Of Pupils814 Words   |  4 PagesMoreover, it is a naturalistic and qualitative study, which comprises of two sets of data, observation notes and interview questions. The participants were five teachers of students with autism in special primary schools in the area of Bristol, in the UK. 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The conceptual framework used in thisRead MoreCritical Analysis of Romanticism1387 Words   |  6 PagesThis literature review will critically analyse a range of arguments and perspectives by literary critics and historians and their views will be pertinent to the study of Romanticism . Due to the scale of research in Romantic literature as a discipline, the main focus in this paper will concentrate primarily on two major paradigms in Romantic literature. These two aspects are referred to as Romantic nature and Romantic sublime. The paper will be organised and divided into two sectionsRead MoreInformation And Communications Technologies ( Ict )1576 Words   |  7 Pages2014). South Africa is experiencing a national ICT skills shortage, similar to the international ICT skills shortage currently being experienced. Various issues contribute to this problem. The ICT skills shortages have been predicted over the past two decades and the ICT sector is experiencing a global ICT skills shortage (Gupta Suma, 2015; Calitz, Greyling , Margaret , 2014; Manpower Group South Africa , 2014). It is estimated that South Africa needs 30 000 to 70 000 skilled IT workers and thisRead MoreApplication Of Information And Communication Technology1677 Words   |  7 Pagesinvestigate through literature review, the recent development in the implementation of ICTs in Nigeria’s secondary schools. ïÆ'Ëœ Through existing literatures, the policies on ICTs by Nigerian government concerning education in the country will be examined. ïÆ'Ëœ To compare and contrast developed country’s educational sector using ICT to that of Nigeria’s educational sector (the importance of using ICTs in education) through existing literature review. ïÆ'Ëœ To investigate based on literature reviews, the barriersRead More1Chapter 1 - Introduction. . 1.1Introduction. Recent Research1004 Words   |  5 Pages1 Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1 Introduction Recent research has established that customers can form emotional attachments to brands (Park et al, 2010), with fundamental properties and behavioural effects that are similar to their attachments to other people (Fournier, 1998). Albralt and Kleyn, (2011) confirms that the development of a strong brand identity leads to strong emotional attachment, whilst Thomson et al. (2005, p.78) suggests that a consumer’s emotional attachment is underpinnedRead MoreMethodology And Methods Of Public Open Space Management1511 Words   |  7 PagesChapter2: Methodology and Methods 2.1 Introduction This chapter provides an overview of the methods used in the research. Literature review is the fundamental method for the research. Through a review on previous literature, the context of public open space management and different dimensions of place-keeping will be established as essential evidence on the data analysis and recommendation part of the following chapter. In addition, this research follows a case study approach as the main

Essay on Cry the Beloved Country - 595 Words

Cry the Beloved Country â€Å"Cry for the broken tribe, for the law and the custom is gone. Cry, the beloved country, these things are not yet at an end (Paton, 105).† In Cry, the Beloved Country, it is 1946 and the land reserved for blacks in Ndotsheni, a part of South Africa, is drying up. In the novel written by Alan Paton, young men and women begin to leave Ndotsheni for the new city Johannesburg. One of those gone is John Kumalo, a businessman in Johannesburg and younger brother of Stephen Kumalo, a reverend in Ndotsheni. Stephen and John Kumalo differ in their regards for family, religion, and corruption. Stephen has a brother, sister, and son that left him years ago, none of which writes to him. Yet, he still misses them†¦show more content†¦He tells Stephen that it cannot be proven that his son was there with Absalom when Absalom killed Jarvis. John only rescues his son but leaves his nephew to hang dry. When Stephen confronts John after the trial, John becomes enraged and th rows Stephen out. He has no more need for his family, just as years ago. Stephen is the Zulu reverend of St. Marks Church in Ndotsheni. He is proud that he is a pastor. Stephen is a good man and is respectful of others, even to the white man. Though being a reverend does not pay much, it is Stephen’s humbleness and sufferings that make him remain being a reverend. He helps others in their time of need and sufferings. He uses religion to bring his people together. During the time in Johannesburg, he becomes upset at the immoral ways of his loved ones. He speaks out and later repents for forgiveness. When it is time for Absalom’s execution, Stephen goes up to the mountains to pray. Therefore, his faith in God remains strong even after all his trials. While Stephen praises the Church, John openly denounces it. John no longer belongs to the Anglican Church. He criticizes the bishops who complain about the Natives labor laws but does not do anything to change th em. John believes that the time to take action is now. He thinks one cannot wait for God to take charge. As a result, John’s morals sway toward the white man’s ways, in which he condemns. Corruption runsShow MoreRelatedCry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton838 Words   |  3 Pagesthis problem in Cry, the Beloved Country. Throughout the story, Paton adds specific personalities to his characters to contribute to change. Characters in Cry, the Beloved Country went through hardships that changed them to realize reality and its outcomes. Paton accordingly creates a picture throughout his story to explain the problems in South Africa. There are many contributing factors of Paton’s idea to identify as being important for change to occur in Cry, the Beloved Country. In Paton’s bookRead MoreEssay on Racism Exposed in Cry, the Beloved Country1121 Words   |  5 PagesRacism Exposed in Cry, the Beloved Country      Ã‚  Ã‚   The purpose of Cry, the Beloved Country, is to awaken the population of South Africa to the racism that is slowly disintegrating the society and its people.   Alan Paton designs his work to express his views on the injustices and racial hatred that plague South Africa, in an attempt to bring about change and understanding. The characters that he incorporates within his story, help to establish a sense of the conditionsRead More Cry the Beloved Country Movie versus Film Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pages Cry, the Beloved Country is a moving story of the Zulu pastor Stephen Kumalo and his son Absalom. They live in an Africa torn apart by racial tensions and hate. It is based on a work of love and hope, courage, and endurance, and deals with the dignity of man. The author lived and died (1992) in South Africa and was one of the greatest writers of that country. His other works include Too Late the Phalarope, Ah, but Your Land Is Beautiful, and Tales from a Troubled Land. The book was madeRead MoreFamilies Breaking Apart in Alan Patons Cry: The Beloved Country 754 Words   |  3 PagesIn Cry, the Beloved Country, Alan Paton shows us how two families are breaking apart. The natives are suffering but they are not the only one who are suffering. A white person’s family is also falling apart. Stephen Kumalo is a native from Ndotsheni and he has trouble with his family from the start. John Jarvis is a white person and he is also experiencing trouble with his family. Stephen Kumalo’s family is in a bad condition. His sister, Gertrude, and his son, Absalom, left Ndotsheni a long timeRead MoreTurmoil in South Africa in Cry the Beloved Country by Alan Paton626 Words   |  2 PagesAgitation and turmoil of whites and blacks filled South Africa. A major theme that Alan Paton develops throughout the novel, Cry, the Beloved Country is the importance of acting with kindness. The author promotes the idea that kindness is a part of the solution to the problems in South Africa. Being able to be kind helps people understand one another which can help bring reform and hope to the small community of Ndotcheni. Alan Paton through the novel teaches the idea of love thy brother as yourselfRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country994 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Harrison in Cry, The Beloved Country While a subsidiary character in Alan Paton s Cry, The Beloved Country , John Harrison offers a glimpse into the attitude of the younger generation toward the black population in South Africa, one that seeks change but isn t always willing to exert the necessary effort. Who is John Harrison? People enter our lives all the time. Some become close friends. Others are here one day and gone the next. There are some with whom we rarely speak, but when weRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country1710 Words   |  7 Pages Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country takes place during the late 1940’s in Southern Africa. Specifically, in High Place, Ndotsheni, and Johannesburg. It takes place during a time of social change. There is racial inequality taking place during the late 1940’s. The novel shows what it was like to be living during this time. Cry, the Beloved Country has an urban and crowded feeling for most of the novel. This novel is written in past-tense, third-person omniscient point of view. Occasionally, theRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country1145 Words   |  5 PagesCry, the Beloved Country as a Quest Novel Human nature compels everyone to quest after things they have lost. In Alan Paton’s Cry, the Beloved Country Stephen Kumalo goes out in search of his family when his tribe is being torn apart by family members leaving and never coming back. He leaves Ndotsheni in search for his sister and his son, prompted by a letter from Reverend Msimangu in Johannesburg. Upon arrival in the great city, Kumalo meets Msimangu who leads him to to Gertrude. Kumalo reconcilesRead MoreCry, the Beloved Country1064 Words   |  5 PagesEssay Question #2 It has been said that the land is itself another character in Patons novel, Cry, the Beloved Country. What role does the landscape play in the novel? What does the valley surrounding Ndotsheni represent? Keep it, guard it, care for it, for it keeps men, guards men, cares for men. Destroy it and man is destroyed (Paton 33). In Cry, the Beloved Country, this bold statement reflects both the beauty of the land of South Africa and the peace and harmony of men. Both of their relationsRead MoreCry, The Beloved Country953 Words   |  4 Pageschanges when a horrific event happens. Take September 11, 2001, for example. America was forever changed on that sunny, fall day. It was only after the fact that America started to implement actions against its enemies. In Alan Paton’s story Cry, The Beloved Country, there are people who are changed after a terrible event happens. James Jarvis, a white farmer living in South Africa, goes through a transformation in his life after his son is killed by a black man. After his son is killed, instead of being

I love u Essay Example For Students

I love u Essay Alexander Hamilton was a great man that will be remembered for being a great major general of the armed forces of the United States of America. As well as the secretary of the treasury. In 1769, at twelve years old he had a job as a clerk in a general store and Alexander dreaded spending the rest of his life there. He wanted something more for his future. He wished for a war to occur. He wanted to prove himself to be more worthy then a clerk. To his thinking, only some brilliant and heroic act on the battle field would give me a chance to achieve his hopes. He seemed to be doomed to a life of clerking. For one thing, he was at the bottom of a social ladder. His parents, who never married, separated when Hamilton was nine, and his mother was forced to support her two sons by running a grocery from one of the rooms in their tiny home. When she died two years later, the boys were all alone. There was not even a cousin who could afford to take them in. Hamilton’s future was also l imited by lack of education. Fortunately though, he had one great gift that could overcome all his disadvantages that was his genius. He got involved with a well to do merchant named Nicolas Cruger and earned his room and board as he learned the grocery business. He also learned how to bargain, how to figure foreign exchange rates, and how to evade the hundred of customs regulations. He also put his spare time to good use. When not at his desk, he wrote sentimental love poems and political essays. Many of these were published in the island newspaper. Hamilton published one of his letters, that captured a description of a storm that he witnessed. The editor of the newspaper Royal-Danish-American Gazette was impressed and not long after that, Hamilton found himself going to North America to attend college. Hamilton’s island education was not enough to earn him a place at an American college. He needed at least a year to study before he new enough Latin, Greek, and mathematics to enter Harvard, Yale, or the college of New Jersey at Princeton. Getting that extra education proved no problem for him. He had arrived in New York with letters of introduction to prominent citizens from Cruger. These people in turn introduced Hamilton to their friends and associates. One of these new acquaintances enrolled Hamilton in Dr. Barber’s Academy in Elizabethtown, New Jersey. Hamilton worked hard at his studies. He often stayed up past midnight doing his homework by candlelight. In 1773, after less then a year of study, he was ready for college. So Hamilton packed up his books and clothes and ferried back across the Hudson to King’s college. Hamilton intended to become a doctor and worked even harder then he had at Dr. Barber’s school. He found other interests at King’s as well. The college library was the largest Hamilton has ever seen, and soon he was reading his way through it. Stories about great emperors and their wars thrilled him, but he was most fascinated by books about politics and economics. Besides the classic works on those subjects, Hamilton also loved to read copies of debates in both the British parliament and the colonial assemblies. He even founded a debating society to discuss the issue he had read about. By the start of his second year at King’s college, politics and debate had become a far more important part of Hamilton’s life then a medicine or mathematics. The North American colonies were becoming very angry about the way the British Parliament kept making up new taxes for them to pay. By law, Englishmen could only be taxed by a legislature of their elected representatives, yet the Parliament taxing the colonies had no American members. Up and down the east coast, patriots claimed it was time for the colonies to rule themselves. Hamilton, a British citizen by birth, had been brought up to be loyal to the King and the Parliament. But the influence of his new American friends and the reading he had done converted him to the patriot cause. If Britain could brake her own laws, argued Hamilton, then Americans had no reason to obey them. Hamilton published his opinions in New York newspaper in 1774. That summer he aired his views in person at a huge rally in New York City ’s Hall. Despite his strong feelings, Hamilton could not tolerate mobs, he was very loyal to his friends no matter what their politics. One main night in 1775, a group of King’s college students rioted on campus. Hamilton was afraid of what they would do to his friend if they caught him. He forced his way through the crowd and climbed the stoop in front of the President’s house. Sternly, he told his classmates that their behavior was disgraced the very freedom they claimed to serve. A noble cause ,he reminded them deserved noble actions. .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 , .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 .postImageUrl , .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 , .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589:hover , .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589:visited , .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589:active { border:0!important; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589:active , .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589 .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uea367044c723d2101bfb155422156589:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Motor Parts Corporation EssayHamilton did more than make speeches and write pamphlets for the colonies cause. He also joined a militia company. Every school day in 1774-1775 he and his debating society friends turned out to practice their marching in the local churchyard. Hamilton’s unit cold themselves â€Å"The hearts of oak.† They wore short green jackets and leather caps which bore the patriotic words â€Å"Freedom or Death.† By May 1775, the American war for Independence had begun. The war Hamilton had wished for when he was twelve was there for him at eighteen, and he embraced it eagerly. As a boy he had wanted to fight only to improve his luck in life. As a young man, however, Hamilton had more then a personal glory on his mind. He now wanted to free America from the tyranny of the British government. Hamilton’s war began in New York in August 1775 when the heart’s of oak captured the British cannon from the fort on Manhattan’s southern tip and brought them to the American camp farther north. Despite the cover of silence and darkness, the British new what happened. They were not about to let a group of young rebels steal their guns. From a warship in the harbor they bombed the Americans. The panic and confusion of his fellow New Yorker’s did not stop Hamilton. He calmly pulled his gun to American ground, and then returned to the fort to get another. Soon after thiBibliography:Book on Library

Welfare Description Essays - Federal Assistance In The United States

Welfare Description Welfare is a government program that provides money, medical care, food, housing, and other things that people need in order to survive. People who can receive help from these welfare programs are children, elders, disabled, and others who cannot support their families on their current income. Another name for welfare is public assistance. There are many organizations that supply this public assistance. Such as Salvation Army and other groups. Public assistance benefits help many people who live below the poverty line, an income level is established for families. If your income is below this you would be eligible to receive this help. Welfare in the United States Federal and state governments in the Unites States serve the poor people through about 60 public assistance programs. Most people receive help through one of the four major programs. These programs are Medicaid, Aid to families with dependant Children, Social Security, or Supplemental Security, or the food stamps program. I will discuss the four programs individually. Medicaid provides free medical care to the poor people. Funds vary from state to state. In some situations, people who may be able to pay daily needs, but can't afford large medical bills may also be able to receive Medicaid. Some services paid for are bills such as doctor's visits and nursing home care. Most Medicaid funding comes from the federal government. The rest is supplied by the state. Each state runs their own Medicaid program. A.F.D.C. provides cash benefits to dependent children and the parents or the guardians taking care of them. Most families that qualify for A.F.D.C. have just one parent in the home. About 80 percent of these families are headed by a woman. A.F.D.C. also pays benefits to two-parent families if both parents are unemployed. Most A.F.D.C. funding comes from the federal government. The states provide the rest of the money and administer the program. The sizes of families' payment vary from state to state. Next is Social Security Income. This provides financial Aid to people in need who are at least 65 years old, blind, or disabled. The federal government finances and administers social security income programs in most states, though some states supply the federal payment and are able to run their own programs. Finally, the Food Stamp Program helps low-income households buy more and better food than they could otherwise afford. Each participating household receives a certain number of coupons called food stamps. The stamps are issued by the federal government. The number of stamps a household receives varies with the family's size, income, and expenses. Cooperating grocery stores accept the stamps like money for food purchases only. There are other programs such as energy assistance and public housing. Energy assistance, which is federally financed but administered by the states, helps people pay fuel bills. Public housing provides low cost rental apartments in government owned buildings. State and local governments fund and administer their own general assistance programs. These programs provide financial aid for needy people who do not qualify for other types of welfare. People waiting to receive assistance from other programs also may get temporary emergency aid from general assistance. Back in the early days, welfare resembled the English system. Social governments were responsible for helping the poor. But the colonies and later the states, sometimes helped the local government provide aid. The first federal welfare program, began after the Revolutionary War, they provided pensions to war veterans. During the Civil War these pensions were expanded to cover soldiers' widows and orphans. In the early 1900's, primary responsibility for providing welfare benefits shifted from local to state governments. During these years, states enacted programs to aid dependent children and the elderly. The criticisms of welfare ranges over a number of social and economic issues. Some people criticize welfare programs for not providing high enough benefits to eliminate poverty. Spending on welfare would have to increase greatly to eliminate poverty, and many people believe the cost is already too high. Many critics of the welfare system charge that providing a steady income to needy people encourages idleness. Actually, most welfare benefits go to elderly, blind, and disabled people and mothers with young children. But welfare does discourage some recipients from working harder by reducing benefits if their income increases. Many

The IBM Company Management of Information System

The IBM Company Management of Information System Introduction According to Hofstede’s five dimensional model regarding national or organizational culture namely â€Å"Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism, Masculinity and Long Term Orientation† (2005), the emphasis indicates that performances and dimensional adversity of a company depends on its level of aggression. There is urgent need for any company to ensure it avoids blending differentiated values especially at the individual levels.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The IBM Company Management of Information System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More What is an organization culture? It is a programming done through thoughts as a combination of executable set of instructions and rules, which distinguishes member groups or one company from others. It is attributable to a collective phenomenon connected to different aspects and departments in the organization or firm for the purpose of gu idance through its undertakings. One acquires organization cultures from the social setting of a firm or organization. When a person changes the job, the organization culture also changes but only to certain levels because the concept following many structure rally behind the business standards, regulations or policies. The organization culture is not like the other cultures because it allows employees to practice their business undertakings through implementation of the set regulations. Methodology The report of IBM company setting adopt a methodology of critically analysis of the available or already existing literature based on performance and business transactions. Secondly is the re-examinations and study of the literature from experts observations regarding the topics especially those who are directly involved with the implementation into the business world. Good analysis involves companies that face high affects by the circumstances and are still in the market segments. E-com merce and its issues Today the designers of products, manufactures and, marketers are in different locations and often need to complete transactions through the net. Their information requires proper security for an effective collaboration. Many large companies such today have various engagements through the internet for the daily routines. Substantial investment on the security of information is therefore crucial as part of extending enterprises. The big companies invest heavily on the security compared to the smaller companies but the threats befall all the companies, arguably more sophisticated and disproportionate on smaller firms. The security risks entails, disruptions or delays especially on companies with extended enterprises. Other risks may include stolen patent laws, compromise of data integrity and others that are worse such as total loss and manipulation of information to gain profits.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most executives do not understand the viability of the information security and therefore the factors that drive the firms into the investment include; customer requests, government regulations and business policies or requirements. In the marketplace, some companies quantify the investment in information security as a competitive advantage because customers feel comfortable transacting in such firms. Information security/threats What are the benefits of investing in Information Security? Does the investment decrease the cost and risks? â€Å"The insurance companies, arbitrageurs and, financial trading firms manage risks by understanding the methodologies behind the risks experienced by the client firms.† (Schneier, 2009). A firm is able to quantify its value through evaluation of performance or in the course of comparison between the prospective projects and the pending work. The quantitative risk analysis s hows how the control adds value in a reputable and comparable manner. There are quite number of benefits for a firm that invests in information security. The ability to cope effectively with today’s computer threats such as computer viruses/worms, computer threats such as web hacking/breakings/defacement, internet disruptions and other cyber events is at the verge. Insecurity has caused the delivery of products in the virtual market complex and progressively slow since people want to countercheck the viability of a transaction before engaging in it. Threats or risks are all over the virtual transactions. By investing in security control measures, a company is able to safeguard its productivity. For instance, what amount of time employees spent surfing the net while they are supposed to be working on viable projects? How much productivity is lost due to downtime? The ability to monitor such events enables the business to prosper. Secondly, the company is able to control the da ta losses through investment on high backup solutions on the server. It is easy to get the better of cost of reworking through these backup solutions. It is very difficulty to quantify the amount of damages linked to data through malicious code. As a defence and counter measure process, it is important to note that having a good back up system enhances recovery (Easttom, 2006). It is equally very important for outsourced company to ensure proper backup less they suffer from cost related losses (Kerber, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The IBM Company Management of Information System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, system security saves the business proceedings from various performance hitches such as bleach of data or impacts on reputation. Although it is difficult to predict the value of Information Security, it is helpful and important for determine the business value especially when considering a n ew project. One would compare the amount of useful information available from an existing information security system. New technology Today it is eminent that the role of computers has a huge impact on every person. Computerisation has taken over majority of the societal or business roles and has greatly improved lives. The most advanced machines include the intelligent systems that have the ability to control other manual machines. According to Mathias et al (2007), today the manufacture industries such as IBM use computer procedures and information fed to the processing systems to give out the desired outputs. The computer systems are all designed differently and yet the experts are not in a position to be acquainted with all the involved details. The battle with technology is dynamic and a continuous process expected to bring about new challenges every day. This mainly influences on the marketing and advertising department in a very vibrant manner due to the stable anticipated cr eativity. The society is dependent of technology today and having the computers in the workplace, homes and mobility enable effectiveness, and efficiency required for better and all round businesses. The computers cuts down on the production costs and time since there is elimination on majority of the manual tasks involvement. The technology has advanced to a point where the graphical user and three dimension interfaces are on use. Unlike the earlier days when people had to produce everything practically, the computation skills have amazingly incorporated the touch, voice or click commands. The main aim of most companies is to embrace technological skills since they make human tasks easier to undertake without taking over their lives. Arguably, it is very hard for the intelligent systems to take over the society since the human beings makes and controls them with the aim of improving on the quality of life. It is difficult to over-throw the human intelligence and creativity. Today, inventiveness and resourcefulness especially in the business sectors such as use of internet enables resourceful communication and sharing of information. Although the tasks involving computation are expensive, especially the initial start up cost, the advancement engagements, the output as well as the input requirements makes the whole system cheaper and much easier or appreciative due to the quality and quantity of output.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Business ethics and social issues Avoiding Uncertainties This aspect relates to the amount or level of stress or strain one maybe undergoing especially in a social setting where the future exhibits unknown possibilities. For instance, the technological changes of the company may pose a lot of strain and stress to the employees whose new requirements may entail retraining to keep to the standards. The employees therefore face competitive disadvantages from the well-trained and up-to-date prospective employees seeking considerations at similar positions. The uncertainty avoidance cannot be a close link to the business risk avoidance. It indicates the social tolerance over ambiguity. It is the determinant factor over the extent to which an employee can persevere comfortable or the uncomfortable job related or social situations in the employment setting. Some people will avoid organizational rules to minimize the unstructured circumstances such as unanticipated or unknown situations tha t are different from the norm. Research indicates that people in the uncertainty defiance conditions are usually emotional and their motivations emerge from personal inner nervousness. (Hofstede and Hofstede, 2005) Other people accept the uncertainty and end up being more tolerant over opinions that are different of their expectations. These people are torrent to any organizational change and are willing to go by the organizational change regardless of their difference of opinion, thought or contempt. Individualism Employees working in a large company such as the IBM are bond by the collectivism or â€Å"group work†. At an individual level, employees have certain cultural regulations that loosen the ties between the groups. The dimensional difference in a company addresses the bond issue. Some social group may have strong integration probably due to their social bonds, generation links or loyalty. Masculinity vs. Feminism These are issues relating to the division between the gender related emotions. The subject takes rationality over individual attribute whereby the distribution of values ought to ensure parity as a fundamental and societal issue. The study of the IBM indicates that the feminine aspects have lower differences among various societies compared to the male values. Among the different countries where the IBM Company has branches, the male values are dominant in the line of assertiveness and competitiveness. On the other hand, women have almost similar values focusing on modesty and care. According to Hofstede and Hofstede (2005), the reference of assertiveness in the model is ‘Masculine’ while the modesty among females is ‘Femininity’. Although the issue may have, the social influences such that the competitive situations that changes the feminine perspective to narrow the gap. Sometimes the differences in the social cultures have deep-rooted values such as taboos that may also influence adversity especially among women. Business Strategy/initiative Today most companies such as the IBM have realized the key role of the HR departments. To increase profitability, the HR department should be the key business strategic planner through deployment of the technology such as the web-based analysis of economic factors influencing the business. Discovery of knowledge as the key resource for the department is the basis for the future predictions that HR management will necessitate for new and radical management strategies and practices. The field of information technology should replace firms’ important administrative tasks entitled to HR department today. The managers in the HR department should be the strategic business associates who ought to ensure the business gains from its planning strategies. According to Mathias et al, (2007) the HR management system should have the sole role of ensuring maximization of profit margins through enhanced quality and technology based on human management as a way of creating value to the organization The aspects of internetworking required for the HR management include intranet technology, electronic education for the clients as well as the employees, self-service for the client, gathering of the client’s response, reactions or comments virtually through surveys and electronic comments. Future Human Resources plans Inline with Daft and Marcic, (2008) the future implication and planning for technological advancement as a business strategy means advancement in employees’ productivity in the aim of general performance. During the integration of the information technology into business, the aim is to eventually manage and improve the customer’s relationship, manage the intelligence in the business setting, plan for the resources, manage people especially in terms of the knowledge, supply chain management, enhancement of electronic trade as well as and supporting decision making procedures (Daft and Marcic, 2008). Most b usinesses have attained majority of these aspects but the future expectations for IBM are that the system to be in a position of promoting all the requirements. Any future endeavours of IT related departments are to generate improved performance/effectiveness through reduction on cost but maximization of profit margins. (Mathias et al, 57) Today utilizing the available technology is inevitable, the question remain whether the companies are utilizing the technology in the right manner especially for the human resource departments. According to Daft and Marcic (2007), what lies ahead is a human resource department focused on a knowledge based economy, where the race remain between the rivalry companies over fast learning and flexible organization with the aim of taking the advantage over the already technologically acquainted markets. The technological advancement allows the companies to be in a position of collaborating and exchanging information over contraction or stockholding. Maj or future understanding of the IT integrated in the HR management entails definition of the intended and anticipated outcomes. The current increased usage of technology in the workplace shows that it is inevitable for the HR departments to adopt the web-based systems as a business initiative. Conclusion Today, recovering a business from a disaster is a common phenomenon in systems management. For many years, it has been a long and risky procedure for the overall business practice unless one used the business continuity arrangements to get extra information for carrying on the disaster recovery process. Management of information system can benefit IBM because of exposure to economical capabilities and availability of resources. The new management system entails outsourcing a disaster recovery team. This optimal procedure is mainly economical and outstanding. The IBM enjoys the advantages of availability of some standard backup procedures of storing information and other important ass ets. Incorporation of continuity or disaster recovery plans as necessary tools for backing-up management procedures allows IBM business policies to authorize compliance. Effective business continuity plan entails management sponsorship and, compliance with polices and procedures. The process is mainly dependent of corporate senior management in the firm. The complexity of businesses as highlighted by the human errors involves compliance measures to determine the critical need for the firm to overcome vulnerability to malfunctions. A good management system focuses on impact and risk analysis of the business. It is a direct contribution to business’s disaster recovery plan. The plan for business management system therefore gives support from all the firm’s departments through incorporation of policies as part of standard operating procedures, to measure the competencies of these functional areas. References Daft, R .L, Marcic, D., 2008. Understanding Management. Kentuck y: KY. Cengage Learning Publishers Easttom, C., 2006. Network Defense and counter measures principles and practices: Security Series. Pearson Prentice Hall Hofstede, G., and Hofstede, G.J., 2005. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. (Second Edition). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Kerber, R., 2007. Cost of Data Breach at TJX sours to $256m. [online]. Available at from  https://www.boston.com/ Mathis, R, L., Jackson, J. H., and Elliott, T. L., 2007. Human Resource Management. Thomson Southwestern Publishers Schneier, B., 2009. Security ROI Fact and Fiction. [online]. Available at https://www.schneier.com/

Exams, Superstitions, and Kit Kat Bars

Exams, Superstitions, and Kit Kat Bars The National Center Test for University Admission is a universal examination for Japanese universities. All national/public universities require applicants to take this exam. During the exam season, the superstitious nature of the Japanese becomes apparent. In fact, you will find various lucky charms being sold around this time. The most popular are charms purchased from a shrine or temple. However, the Kit Kat (a chocolate bar) is also popular. Why? The Japanese pronounce it as kitto  katto. It sounds like kitto katsu which means, You will surely win. Parents often buy Kit Kats for their children for exam days. It is just a fun play on words, but if it makes them feel better, why not? Japanese Translation Ã¥ â€"é ¨â€œÃ£  ¨Ã§ ¸ Ã¨ µ ·Ã§â€° ©Ã£  ¨Ã£â€š ­Ã£Æ'Æ'ãÆ'ˆã‚ «Ã£Æ'Æ'ãÆ'ˆ Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¥â€¦ ¥Ã¨ © ¦Ã£â€š »Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ¼Ã¨ © ¦Ã© ¨â€œÃ£ Å'ä »Å Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã£  ¯Ã¦Å"ˆæâ€" ¥Ã£  ¨Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'ã‚ Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£ â€œÃ£â€šÅ'㠁 ¯Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã£  ®Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã£  ®Ã¥â€¦ ±Ã©â‚¬Å¡Ã¥â€¦ ¥Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¨ © ¦Ã© ¨â€œÃ£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥â€º ½Ã¥â€¦ ¬Ã§ «â€¹Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¥ â€"é ¨â€œÃ¨â‚¬â€¦Ã£  «Ã£  ¯Ã£â‚¬ Ã£ â€œÃ£  ®Ã£â€š »Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ¼Ã¨ © ¦Ã© ¨â€œÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¥ â€"㠁‘る㠁“㠁 ¨Ã£ Å'ç ¾ ©Ã¥â€¹â„¢Ã£  ¥Ã£ â€˜Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ¯Ã§ ¸ Ã¨ µ ·Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¦â€¹â€¦Ã£  Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£ Å'Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ¥â€º ½Ã¦ °â€˜Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€žÃ£ Ë†Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ Å'〠Ã¥ â€"é ¨â€œÃ£  ®Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ¦Å"Ÿã  «Ã£  ¯Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ'㠁Å'よ㠁 Ã¨ ¡ ¨Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥ ®Å¸Ã©Å¡â€ºÃ£â‚¬ Ã£ â€œÃ£  ®Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ¦Å"Ÿæ §ËœÃ£â‚¬â€¦Ã£  ªÃ§ ¸ Ã¨ µ ·Ã§â€° ©Ã£ Å'Ã¥ £ ²Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ®Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€˜Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¦Å"€ã†šâ€šÃ¤ º ºÃ¦ °â€"㠁 ®Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  ®Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€žÃ£ Ë†Ã£  °Ã£â‚¬ Ã§ ¥Å¾Ã§ ¤ ¾Ã£â€šâ€žÃ£ Å Ã¥ ¯ ºÃ£  ®Ã£ Å Ã¥ ®Ë†Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£ Å'〠Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' §Ã£â€š ³Ã£Æ' ¬Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£Æ'ˆè â€œÃ¥ ­ Ã£  §Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â€š ­Ã£Æ'Æ'ãÆ'ˆã‚ «Ã£Æ'Æ'ãÆ'ˆã‚‚ä º ºÃ¦ °â€"㠁Å'㠁‚る㠁 ®Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£  ªÃ£ Å"㠁‹ã  £Ã£  ¦Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦Å" ¬Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã£  ®Ã§â„¢ ºÃ©Å¸ ³Ã£  ®Ã£â‚¬Å'ã‚ ­Ã£Æ'Æ'ãÆ'ˆã‚ «Ã£Æ'Æ'ãÆ'ˆ(㠁 Ã£  £Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€¹Ã£  £Ã£  ¨)㠁Å'〠Ã£  Ã£  £Ã£  ¨Ã¥â€¹ Ã£  ¤Ã£  Ã£  £Ã£  ¨Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ¤Ã£  ¨Ã¤ ¼ ¼Ã£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¨ ¦ ªÃ£ Å'Ã¥ â€"é ¨â€œÃ£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ ­ Ã¤ ¾â€ºÃ£  ®Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€š Ã£  «Ã¨ ² ·Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã£ â€žÃ£  Ã£ â€ Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£ Å¸Ã£   Ã£  ®Ã¨ ªÅ¾Ã¥â€˜â€šÃ¥ Ë†Ã£â€š Ã£ â€ºÃ£  ¨Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€žÃ£ Ë†Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£ Å'〠Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 §Ã¥Å  ¹Ã¦Å¾Å"㠁Å'㠁‚る㠁 ªÃ£â€šâ€°Ã£â‚¬  è © ¦Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£  ¿Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ¦â€°â€¹Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€šÃ£â€šÅ Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£  ­Ã£â‚¬â€š Romaji Translation Daigaku nyuushi sentaa shiken ga kotoshi wa ichi-gatsu juushichi-nichi to juuhachi-nichi ni okonawaremasu. Kore wa nihon no daigaku no kyoutsuu nyuugaku shiken desu. Kokukouritsu daigaku jukensha niwa, kono sentaa shiken o ukeru koto ga gimuzukerarete imasu. Nihonjin wa engi o katsugu koto ga sukina kokumin o iemasu ga, juken no jiki niwa sore ga yoku arawaremasu. Jissai, kono jiki samazamana engimono ga urareteiru no o mikakemasu. Mottomo ninki no aru mono to ieba, jinja ya otera no omamori desu ga, chokoreeto gashi de aru kittokatto mo ninki ga aru no desu. Nazeka tte? Nihongo no hatsuon no kitto katto ga kitto katsu to nite iru kara desu. Oya ga juken no hi ni, kodomo no tame ni kau koto mo ooi sou desu. Tada no goro awase tomo iemasu ga, sorede kouka ga aru nara, tameshite minai te wa arimasen ne. Note: The translation is not always literal. Beginners Phrases Parents often buy KitKats for their children for exam days. Oyaga juken no hi ni, kodomo no tameni kau koto mo ooi sou desu.㠁Šã‚„㠁Å' 㠁˜ã‚…㠁‘ん㠁 ®Ã£  ²Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã£ â€œÃ£  ©Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  ®Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€š Ã£  « 㠁‹ã â€ Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£â€šâ€š 㠁Šã Å Ã£ â€žÃ£  Ã£ â€ Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¨ ¦ ªÃ£ Å'Ã¥ â€"é ¨â€œÃ£  ®Ã¦â€" ¥Ã£  «Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥ ­ Ã¤ ¾â€ºÃ£  ®Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€š Ã£  «Ã¨ ² ·Ã£ â€ Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã£ â€žÃ£  Ã£ â€ Ã£  §Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š Learn More Learn more about lucky number in Japanese.

Internet degree and universitey degree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internet degree and universitey degree - Essay Example This means that the time for accessing materials is not limited since students study at their own convenience. Online education is only accessible to the students who have access to computers and the internet. More students are getting enrollment on online education programs and it has a high potential for growth as the internet technology continues to get established in many countries. On the other hand, attending classes in a college is the conventional method of education whereby individuals learn from a face to face interaction with the instructors. Students attend lessons, take notes and do exams under the supervision of instructors. Each college usually has a minimum number of lessons that the student needs to physically attend to be allowed to take exams in a particular course. It may be accomplished through flexible means such as part time learning whereby the students may be working as they study. Both online and college systems of learning are essential in helping people to acquire degrees. They have similarities in regard to the qualifications for admission, curriculum, and the use of internet in research. They differ in mode of instruction, communication and access to learning materials, interaction with other learners and group work, accessibility of educational institution and effectiveness of learning. However, college acquired degrees are better tha n online degrees. Learning through the internet, which in other words is referred to as online learning is similar to attending college for a degree course in many ways. In regard to the qualifications for a degree course, the students have to proof to the institution offering the course that they are qualified through submitting their Curriculum Vitae and supporting documents to proof that they are qualified for the course. They also have to proof their true identity to the administration and therefore there can be no personification. This is done through submitting the country

Global economy Midterm Review Questions Assignment

Global economy Midterm Review Questions - Assignment Example phenomenon in which the business environment in a country is deregulated so as to attract investors, causing low wages, poor environmental protection and poor working conditions. Issues such as minimum wage, political autonomy and workers unions are foregone for the sake of creating a favorable working environment. This is considered to e a problem because countries with poor working conditions and low environmental protection standards are deemed best for investment. Causes of race to the bottom include the pollution problem, poor government policy influenced by MNCs and government instabilities. First, other than free trade, Rivoli argues that there is need to develop strong political policies and reforms to address political barriers. For example, in her book, she argues that having a good political framework to protect the industries in America against the sweatshops that pay their workers 50 cents an hour is a better alternative than the free trade agreement. Secondly, she says that there is need to reform the famous trade agreements that limit or inhibit exports and import. In the US for instance, there are a number of such agreements that in fact limit the importation of t-shirts. If these factors are addressed, fairness in global competition will be introduced. Manufacturers will be able to work and export their products in a fair manner. The apparel industry best captures the history of globalization by showing how a single commodity moves through various processes and markets, thereby highlighting the interconnections between markets. The industry highlights the basic concepts of globalization such as political and cultural process. Arms trade globalization occurs both in the production and consumption. Most countries spend considerable amounts for procurement of arms. This is linked to lower spending by governments on the other areas. In the context of globalization, the arms industry is escalating conflicts and the proliferation of arms has

Postmodern Frame Essay - Text in Art Essay Example for Free

Postmodern Frame Essay Text in Art Essay The use of text within to the visual arts can be traced back as far as the inscribed carvings found on cave walls created by the Indigenous population of Australia approximately 46000 years ago. However, over the past few years, the use of text in art, also known as the art of typography, has become a frequent means of communication for artists in the creation of their works. Text within art can be projected, scrawled, painted, computerised and carved to the point that a work may be created of nothing but language. The art of typography is the technique of arranging type in such a way that makes language visible. It treats fonts as individual entities to be enjoyed by the audience. Some artists deal with language as a character on its own as opposed to a surface to draw upon. These artists place texts in ways that are intended to stimulate the way an audience perceives a work, to evoke emotion or to create a statement. However, others, particularly graphic designers, tend to focus on the decorative powers of text. Regardless of the artist’s intentions, the appearance of text within art can shift our appreciation of their sound and meaning. Artists that explore text in art include: Barbara Kruger, Yukinori Yanagi, Katarzyna Kozyra, Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu, Shirin Neshat, Miriam Stannage, Colin McCahon and Jenny Watson. Artists such as Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu and Shirin Neshat explore the cultural implications of language in art and the importance of language to identity through the inclusion of text that reflect a postmodern concern with the way we receive information in our contemporary society. Jenny Holzer is an American conceptual artist who belongs to the feminist branch of artists that emerged during the 1980’s. Originally an abstract painter and printmaker, Holzer became heavily interested in conceptual art and began creating works using text. The introduction of text within Holzer’s work occurred gradually however, over time, they have entirely replaced images. These works are usually displayed in widely viewed, public areas. Holzer’s works typically deal with the idea of communication. She is highly aware of the power of words and the power of the media and therefore has a focus on the ability of language to distort or manipulate truths. â€Å"I was drawn to writing because it was possible to be very explicit about things. If you have crucial issues, burning issues, it’s good to say exactly what’s right and wrong about them, and then perhaps to show a way that things could be helped. So, it seemed to make sense to write because then you could just say it†¦ no painting seemed perfect. In particular, I didn’t want to be a narrative painter, which maybe would have been one solution for someone wanting to be explicit.† – Jenny Holzer. Through the use of text in art, Holzer is able to transmit powerful environmental, social and political messages that reveal beliefs and myths and show biases and inconsistencies that highlight her social and personal concerns of today’s contemporary society. Holzer’s works are confronting and provocative and inspire us to make changes. They make us remember that language is not always a factual statement; it can be true or false depending on the context. Holzer forces us to analyse our own behaviour and consider how we have been influenced and manipulated. Her works are designed to make us stop and think about how we are maturing socially. Holzer’s truisms â€Å"MONEY CREATES TASTE – 1982† and â€Å"PROTECT ME FROM WHAT I WANT 1985† are part of her 1983-85 series – â€Å"Survival†. These are LED installation pieces consisting of large scale text that were projected onto a billboard in Times Square, New York. The inscriptions were bright, clear and menacing and connected themselves to the everyday glow of the city. The phrases were flicked over the busy intersection for two to three seconds creating an element of surprise and capturing the audience’s attention. The main focus of these works was to make a profound statement about the world of advertising and consumer society today. Holzer’s aim was to persuade the audience to pause and reflect on their lives. Her work emphasises the notion that within our society, we are driven by the world of media, thereby producing a mass materialistic, consumerist culture. â€Å"MONEY CREATES TASTE† is almost a plea from Holzer to stand back and assess our needs as a culture rather than what we are fed to believe we want by the media. The use of this concise statement â€Å"PROTECT ME FROM WHAT I WANT† has shown us that we are in the process of losing our identity and sense of culture and can be manipulated by the underlying motives of the media. Shirin Neshat is an Iranian born artist who, upon turning seventeen, moved to California to study art. In 1990 when Neshat flew back to Iran to visit her family, she was confronted by the changes in culture and the narrow restraints of everyday life in the Islamic Republic. She was faced by a very strict, pure form of Islam introduced by the Iranian government in order to erase Persian history. Since having lived in the two cultural contexts of Iraq and the USA, Neshat is able to examine the cultural concerns of individual beings in a metaphorical and poetic way. She attempts to address problems of identity, race and gender in a shocking manner and intends to undermine social stereotypes and assumptions. Her works explore the differences between Islam and the West, males and females, limitations in life and freedom, old and new and the public and the private domains. Neshat aimed to provoke questions amongst her audience as she explored Islam through her art making and comments on issues related to feminism and multiculturalism. However, her works were not only confrontational and symbolic; Neshat also paid particular attention to aesthetics. In her 1994 print and ink, â€Å"Rebellious Silence†, Neshat depicts an Islamic, Muslim woman, covered in a veil holding a gun. Her calm face is divided by the starkness of the cold, steel weapon and is laced with Islamic calligraphy symbolic of the Niqab, a more extreme veil that an Islamic woman must wear as it signifies her obedience to the male supremacy in Islamic culture. Her clothing and weapon make us question whether this woman has rejected her submissive female role to embrace violence. She is looking directly at the camera and looks determined to fight. Questions of motives arise amongst the audience. Neshat’s 1996 work â€Å"Speechless† is a black and white photograph in which Neshat has chosen to make herself the subject. This image is a close up of Neshat’s face. She looks determined and powerful however, like her creation â€Å"Rebellious Silence† – her face is covered with an overlay of Islamic text. The Arabic inscriptions that create the veil act as a barrier. It symbolises the support of the Islamic revolution. The visual struggle between Neshat and the veil is representational of the fight for freedom and the support of religion. By putting the text on her face, the body part where people can identify emotions the most, it serves as a reminder of the power that religion has over women and the oppression it has towards free expression. The gun in the picture is another juxtaposition. The woman seems to be embracing the gun as a part of her, giving off a threatening feeling, but at the same time, it does not feel dangerous because of her conflicted emotions: freedom versus oppression. The inscriptions tell of a man who died in the Iran/Iraq conflict of the 1980’s. This is also insulting to the women who also experienced this conflict. Her art does not disapprove nor approve of Islam, but instead encourages the audience to reflect upon their own ideas, assumptions and expectations. He works carry both personal and emotional connotations. Wenda Gu was born in China and studied traditional, classical landscape painting. He was employed to teach ink painting and although he no longer practices in China, text remains central to his work. This initial technical training has provided the incentive for his most confronting pieces in which the powerful use of language challenges social and political traditions. â€Å"These are questioning and symbolic works that violate the orthodox doctrine of artistic value. They represent a direct threat to authority.† Michael Sullivan. Gu ambitiously attempts to address, in artic terms, the issue of globalism that dominates discussions of contemporary economics, society and culture. He aims to appeal not only to the present population, but also to future generations in his quest to extend the boundaries of human perception, feeling and thought and express humanity’s deepest wishes and powerful dreams. Gu strives to unify mankind and create a utopian feel within his works. Gu worked to simplify the Chinese language and to encourage people to embrace new attitudes towards their old language. He combines a long standing fascination with classical Chinese calligraphy with a contemporary take on universal concerns that cross cultural and ethnic boundaries. Gu’s work today focusses extensively on ideas of culture and his identity and has developed an interest in bodily materials and understanding humanity across ethnic and national boundaries. Gu’s 1994-96 work â€Å"Pseudo Characters Contemplation of the world† is a series of ink paintings in which he uses traditional calligraphic styles and techniques but subverts them with reversed, upside down or incorrect letters. The pseudo character series consists of three ink on paper scrolls in which he has combined calligraphy and landscape, disrupting the conventions of both, powerfully distorting artistic tradition of China. Gu has attacked the written word by glorifying the spirit of the absurd. Gu’s most significant artworks have been a series entitled â€Å"United Nations Project†. This is a series of 15 works that were conceptually planned to relate to the locations social, political, historical and cultural situation. This series confronts two taboos. That of language and the human body. The main material for these installations are human hair collected from hairdressers from all over the world and the hair itself serves as a connection to all people. They typically consisted of screens tied together with twine, forming a canopy of internationally collected hair that was fashioned into nonsensical scripts combining the Chinese alphabet and others. His works are distinguished by the two themes which intersect. The first relates to language and the way in which cultural conventions are signified ad the second, is the use of human hair which is a symbol for significant human endeavours. The human hair is a blueprint containing DNA information, which is common to all humans yet seen fundamentally as individual. Jenny Holzer, Shirin Neshat and Wenda Gu all explore the cultural implications of language within art. They share a prime focus on the links between culture and identity. They have used language and text to convey their powerful messages and have drawn upon their own personal experiences. Concerned with the human condition, both they and their artworks have had a significant impact on society and the way in which we interpret information. Madison ******** Year 12 Visual Arts Art History and Art Criticism. Essay on Text The inclusion of text in artworks reflects a post-modern concern with the way we receive information in our contemporary society and the importance of language to identity. Explore the cultural implications of language in the work of Jenny Holzer, Wenda Gu and one other contemporary artist. Analyse specific artworks to support your argument.

Essay --

Best iPhone 4 cases Have you ever wondered which iphone cases are the best for your iphone 4? Here we will give you information that will help you find the best iphone 4 cases that will suit your personal taste and personality; ï  ¶ The Incipio feather ultralight The Incipio Feather Ultralight case is a great protecting cover since it does not add weight to your iphone, top it up it’s thin and offers a soft touch. ï  ¶ Case-mate barely there brushed aluminium This is a brushed, thin aluminium case that looks great and come in various colours. ï  ¶ Body glove icon hybrid The body glove is affordable and very efficient.It has two exterior slides to prevent damage to the outer surface of the iphone.The interior gel been anti-microbic stays cool and clean for a very long term.The three pieces are varying colours giving it a cool look. ï  ¶ Mophie juice pack pro If you love outdoor adventures then the mophie juice pack pro is the best case for your iphone 4.The case is expensive but its worth the price.It also has four separate layers of protection thus you don’t have to worry about rain,dirt or drops anymore.The rubber case has a belt clip included and it easy to carry around. ï  ¶ Crystal couture elegante series case This cases are really pleasant to the eye because of the combination of the loeopard’s skin and the crystals.The crystals do fall off but when buying the case you are given extra crystals to replace the fallen ones. ï  ¶ Marware double take iphone case The design of polycarbonates gives the iphone 4 tough protection and it is also easy to grip.It also gives one a sense of style.The cases come in different colours and does not hide the apple logo. ï  ¶ Moshi concerti case This super cool leather flip case is averagely w... ...up with a loyal design.If you are really careless with phones then this is the right case for you. ï  ¶ Griffin Elan Form Exotics cases This case offers an awesome balance between style and protection.It has an outer layer that protects it from scratches.These cases come in a variety of colours. ï  ¶ ZeroChroma varioprotect case The case offers perfect protection to your iphone .The case is made of rubber to prevent slithering.The kickstand case gives you an opportunity to place your iphone at various angles. ï  ¶ Gelaskins Hardcase When you have already chosen the colour and design of the case,you can be able to download a corresponding wallpaper.The case is unaffected by scratch. Hurry up and go to the stalls and grab yourself a cool case for your iphone cause with this this information am sure you won’t be stranded again in chosing the best case.

Financial Distress Paper Essay

The current global economic crisis has seriously affected the financial activities of my academic institution. One of the major donors for our business school, a bank, has pulled out and is currently facing charges of breaking federal banking regulatory laws. All indications are that the bank will go under and will have to file for protection under chapter 11. With this conduit of funds no longer there, the business school will have to restructure. There are five programs currently in place at the business school, three of which are involved in teaching and research. They have been in existence for the last thirty years. As the head of faculty for the business school, I will recommend to the long range planning committee that the restructuring be directed at the other two programs. These are recently introduced graduate management courses, whose students, totaling fifty in number, can be gradually absorbed within the other graduate business courses. The cuts will therefore have to be effected within the faculty staff of the two programs being phased out. All tenured and non-tenured faculty staff will receive a one year termination notice with full severance benefits. Since their total combined yearly compensations is about as much as lost donor funding, the scaled down business school will be able to survive until other avenues are found to fund new programs. These recommendations will be made based on the need to retain teaching and research as a priority. Students who are currently enrolled in all programs will not suffer as they will be retained to continue learning within the existing programs. Additionally, the retrenchment will not be abrupt, but will be implemented over the course of one year, giving affected faculty staff ample time to appeal or seek positions elsewhere. Distress Paper 2 References Senate of Michigan Technological University (1985, May). UNIVERSITY RETRENCHMENT POLICY. Retrieved August 1, 2009 from http://www. sas. it. mtu. edu/usenate/propose/80-89/7-85. htm

Microsoft and Sun

The first problematical questions between Microsoft and Sun concerning the design and the sources of Microsoft Java implementation and Sun`s Java standards start back in 2000 or even earlier. When Sun’s more powerful and flexible standard of Java 2 arrived, due to different reasons (partially because of the legal troubles over Java)Microsoft was stuck in older JDK 1.1 mode. So it comes to the point, where you have to do something, or pass off. So Microsoft improved their JVM in the new version of Windows. And then Sun Microsystems, Inc. announced it has started an antitrust lawsuit against Microsoft Corporation. In its complaint (Press Releases, 2002), Sun alleges that Microsoft has engaged in extensive anticompetitive conduct, including the following: Fragmenting the Java platform; Flooding the market with incompatible Java Runtime Environments; Forcing other companies to distribute or use products that are incompatible with Java; Significantly limiting Sun's distribution channels for the Java Runtime Environment; Intentionally interfering with the development of Java-based applications for compatible runtimes; Copyright infringement resulting from Microsoft's distribution of an unlicensed implementation of the Java Runtime Environment; Intentional creation of incompatibilities between Microsoft software and competing technologies, thereby raising switching costs for consumers and reducing consumer choice. The other side of this long lasting conflict is trying to find a compromise between those standards (Microsoft’s own and Sun’s) and withstanding the lawsuits with more or less efficiency. Also Microsoft protesting against the sources of the lawsuits from Sun. Jim Allchin(Jim Allchin, 2002) from Microsoft wrote: This issue was addressed in detail during the liability phase of the trial. The Court of Appeals determined that it was not illegal for Microsoft to develop and distribute our JVM just because it was incompatible with Suns specification. Also on one of the Microsoft’s press conferences Steve Ballmer (2004) said about interchanges between their companies: So I'd say that's the elements and then if you take a look at the payment, some of the money is to resolve our antitrust lawsuit. Some of the payment takes a look back and says let's make sure we are clean with respect to one another on patents. Some of it is forward-looking in terms of how we work together from a patent perspective. And then some of it is forward-looking, us to Sun and Sun to us, in terms of the licensing of key intellectual property that relates to making these things plug together and interoperate well over the network. Press Conference Transcript: Steve Ballmer (Microsoft), Scott McNealy (Sun), retrieved February 18, 2007, from http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/legal/04-02-04SunPressConference.mspx Sun Press Releases, Sun files suit against Microsoft for antitrust violations, retrieved February 14, 2007, from http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/2002-03/sunflash.20020308.1.xml Written Direct Testimony of Jim Allchin, retrieved February 18, 2007, from

Acid-Base Indicator Definition and Examples

Acids In chemistry and cooking, many substances dissolve in water to make it either acidic or basic/alkaline. A basic solution has a pH greater than 7, while an acidic solution has a pH less than 7. Aqueous solutions with a pH of 7 are considered to be neutral. Acid-base indicators are substances used to determine roughly where a solution falls on the pH scale. Acid-Base Indicator  Definition An acid-base indicator is either a weak acid or weak base that exhibits a color change as the concentration of hydrogen (H) or hydroxide (OH-) ions changes in an aqueous solution. Acid-base indicators are most often used in a titration to identify the endpoint of an acid-base reaction. They are also used to gauge pH values and for interesting color-change science demonstrations. Also Known As: pH indicator Acids Perhaps the best known pH indicator is litmus.  Thymol Blue, Phenol Red and Methyl Orange are all common acid-base indicators. Red cabbage can also be used as an acid-base indicator. How an Acid-Base Indicator Works If the indicator is a weak acid, the acid and its conjugate base are different colors. If the indicator is a weak base, the base and its conjugate acid display different colors. For a weak acid indicator with the genera formula HIn, equilibrium is reached in the solution according to the chemical equation: HIn(aq) H2O(l) ↔ In-(aq) H3O(aq) HIn(aq) is the acid, which is a different color from the base In-(aq). When the pH is low, the concentration of the hydronium ion H3O is high and equilibrium is toward the left, producing the color A. At high pH, the concentration of H3O is low, so equilibrium tends toward the right side of the equation and color B is displayed. An example of a weak acid indicator is phenolphthalein, which is colorless as a weak acid, but dissociates in water to form a magenta or red-purple anion. In an acidic solution, equilibrium is to the left, so the solution is colorless (too little magenta anion to be visible), but as pH increases, the equilibrium shifts to the right and the magenta color is visible. The equilibrium constant for the reaction may be determined using the equation: KIn [H3O][In-] / [HIn] where KIn is the indicator dissociation constant. The color change occurs at the point where the concentration of the acid and anion base are equal: [HIn] [In-] which is the point where half of the indicator is in acid form and the other half is its conjugate base. Universal Indicator Definition A particular type of acid-base indicator is a universal indicator, which is a mixture of multiple indicators that gradually changes color over a wide pH range. The indicators are chosen so mixing a few drops with a solution will produce a color that can be associated with an approximate pH value. Table of Common pH Indicators Several plants and household chemicals can be used as pH indicators, but in a lab setting, these are the most common chemicals used as indicators: Indicator Acid Color Base Color pH Range pKIn thymol blue (first change) red yellow 1.2 - 2.8 1.5 methyl orange red yellow 3.2 - 4.4 3.7 bromocresol green yellow blue 3.8 - 5.4 4.7 methyl red yellow red 4.8 - 6.0 5.1 bromothymol blue yellow blue 6.0 - 7.6 7.0 phenol red yellow red 6.8- 8.4 7.9 thymol blue (second change) yellow blue 8.0 - 9.6 8.9 phenolphthalein colorless magenta 8.2 -10.0 9.4 The acid and base colors are relative. Also note some popular indicators display more than one color change as the weak acid or weak base dissociates more than once. Acid-Base Indicators Key Takeaways Acid-base indicators are chemicals used to determine whether an aqueous solution is acidic, neutral, or alkaline. Because acidity and alkalinity relate to pH, they may also be known as pH indicators.Examples of acid-base indicators include litmus paper, phenolphthalein, and red cabbage juice.An acid-base indicator is a weak acid or weak base that dissociates in water to yield the weak acid and its conjugate base or else the weak base and its conjugate acid. The species and its conjugate have different colors.The point at which an indicator changes colors is different for each chemical. There is a pH range over which the indicator is useful. So, the indicator that might be good for one solution might be a poor choice to test another solution.Some indicators cant actually identify acids or bases, but can only tell you the approximate pH of an acid or a base. For example, methyl orange only works at an acidic pH. It would be the same color above a certain pH (acidic) and also at neutral and alkaline values.

9 Easy Steps to Make More Money At Work

9 Easy Steps to Make More Money At Work We can’t all be hedge fund managers and zillionaires. But there are a few very practical strategies that can help you maximize your assets. 1. Location Location LocationDon’t just flock to L.A., Chicago, Boston, or New York because they’re there (and so big and shiny). Use a resource like Zillow.com to check for metro areas with a better bang for your buck- cities like Dallas, Atlanta, and Indianapolis, where housing costs are a much lower percentage of your income. A lot of these cities are up-and-coming and great places to live.2. Be proactiveDon’t wait six months or a year for your first performance review to ask for that raise. Most companies make their budgets at the end of their fiscal year; if you can, start the conversation before that window closes.3. Give it a NumberLet your boss know what you want before you explain why you’ve earned it. And set a range; you’ll appear flexible; and you never know, you might end up with the big numb er.4. Go RogueExecutives who switch jobs can end up with an up to 15% pay bump, compared with your typical 3% raise. Make that kind of upward move at the age of 40, and you can make a 9% difference in your lifetime income.5. RebrandYou’re not the same employee you were when you were fresh out of college with your first resume. Tailor your current resume to your current goals, and drop whatever positions are no longer relevant to your career.6. DigitizeWhy look for other opportunities when the Internet can do it for you? Keep up on LinkedIn, Poachable, and Poacht, and sex up your profile with keywords pertinent to the job you want. This will attract prospective employers without your even having to go looking for them!7. Climb HigherEven if you’re late in your career, aim to make it up just one more rung on the ladder. It can make all the difference in cumulative earnings, not to mention the ego boost of conquering another level of the game.8. Go LateralNo more free run gs on your ladder? No worries. Hop to the adjoining one if opportunities are short. Just make sure not to burn any bridges- and keep your boss sweet in case you ever need a glowing reference.9. Have a Back-Up PlanYou never know when everything is going to come crashing down around you. Prepare for the worst and you’ll never get caught with your pants down. Have an idea for a small business or a freelance project? Keep it in your back pocket for emergencies and never lose a chance to earn.9 Ways to Make More Money at Work

In what ways do legal responsibility and professional accountability Dissertation

In what ways do legal responsibility and professional accountability differ Be sure to cite current literature in response - Dissertation Example 134). Accountability is described by Daniels (2004) as the act of assuming responsibility for one’s actions, which is an important method to demonstrate commitment to quality client care, thus being accountable for their judgments, decisions, and actions (p. 287). The accountability of a nurse goes beyond the client, and includes the family, colleagues, and the public. Because of the field’s organization, a nurse’s accountability depends upon the hierarchical structure he or she belongs to and the situation itself. Although nursing standards are not law, they possess important legal significance (Springhouse Corporation, 2004, p. 33), thus rendering nurses legal responsibilities. For instance, when a nurse fails to act according to set standards and thus harm the patient, the nurse can be involved in a lawsuit. Once proven that there is neglect or malpractice on the side of the nurse, then he or she is charged according to law. Conclusion The nursing profession n ecessitates both accountability and responsibility, wherein being accountable equates being responsible for one’s actions, and responsibility is congruent to the rightful practice of nursing standards. The two are interrelated and affect each other.

THE MATRIX AND SKEPTICISM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

THE MATRIX AND SKEPTICISM - Essay Example For, we cannot tell the difference as to whether we are dreaming or not. Nevertheless, he thought that his beliefs in mathematics could never err. So he invents this malevolent demon that deceives him in falling into error and into thinking that there is a physical world. Furthermore, Unger advanced his own skeptical thought experiment by claiming that an evil scientist may deceive us, and that we cannot know if there is none. Putnam also puts forth his brain in a vat theory by claiming that our brains are stored in vats filled with nourishing liquids, wherein a computer programs our brains, giving rise to what we think of as reality. However, the authors argue that all these skeptical thoughts are groundless. For, radical doubt of reality is only useful, given a philosophical framework of seeking absolute knowledge. However, we do not deal with such in reality, i.e. in creating meaning in our lives. So it follows that we have good reasons for believing in a physical reality. Finally , the article explores Cipher’s decision and deems it as immoral, for it only serves a hedonistic purpose and end in life, thus avoiding genuine experience. In the end, we are told that we need not sympathize with the skeptic, and that in reality; these doubts are groundless if not entirely meaningless. Hence, we ought to just face the world and live, just like we always have done so.

UAE Labor Law and Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UAE Labor Law and Relations - Essay Example center of a far-reaching controversy with the government and private employers being accused of exploiting underpaying and generally mistreating workers (Kanna 147). The Industry in question in most cases is the construction industry; it is worth noting that in the UAE, there are over 500,000 foreign workers who are tasked with the construction of the world famous skyscrapers and breathtaking architectural wonders that have turned cities like Dubai into Meccas of building engineering (Shaoul). The immigrant workers make up to 95% of the labor on the building sites may of them from East Asia, India, the Philippines and North Africa. Controversy has riddled the industry since it has been frequently claimed that employees are forced to work under inhuman conditions that border slavery (Forstenlechner, Madi, Selim and Rutledge 412). The immigrant laborious are often forced to pay back their travelling expenses at incredibly high interests rates and their passports taken away on arrival s o they cannot leave or look for a different job. Ironically, on paper, the labor laws are relatively progressive on paper and they protect all workers local or immigrant from being exploited or abused by their employers. Nevertheless, this is rarely implemented and in most cases, even when the governments may force employers to restitute or compensate employees for damages and/or loss of life there are very few cases of employers having legal action taken against them irrespective of the gravity of their crimes to the staff. It is estimated that over 800 hired workers die on the job for a variety of reasons ranging from exhaustion, sunstroke, suicide and myriad more courses. In as far as compensation is concerned; the employee is entitled to a basic wage which according to the law is the total sum monies paid as stipulated in the labor contract not inclusive of allowances for accommodation or travel. Their total wage on the other hand is the amount paid when they have been provided

Scenario Of Family Business Management Information Technology Essay

Scenario Of Family Business Management Information Technology Essay A family business is a business in which one or more members of one or more families have a significant ownership interest and significant commitments toward the business overall well-being. In some countries, many of the largest publicly listed firms are family-owned. A firm is said to be family-owned if a person is the controlling shareholder; that is, a person (rather than a state, corporation, management trust, or mutual fund) can garner enough shares to assure at least 20% of the voting rights and the highest percentage of voting rights in comparison to other shareholders. Family businesses may have owners who are not family members. Family businesses may also be managed by individuals who are not members of the family. However, family members are often involved in the operations of their family business in some capacity and, in smaller companies, usually one or more family members are the senior officers and managers. Many businesses that are now public companies were family businesses. Family participation as managers and/or owners of a business can strengthen the company because family members are often loyal and dedicated to the family enterprise. However, family participation as managers and/or owners of a business can present unique problems because the dynamics of the family system and the dynamics of the business systems are often not in balance. PROBLEMS IN FAMILY BUSINESSMANAGEMENT The interests of a family member may not be aligned with the interest of the business. For example, if a family member wants to be president but is not as competent as a non-family member, the personal interest of the family member and the well being of the business may be in conflict. The interests of the entire family may not be balanced with the interests of their business. For example, if a family needs its business to distribute funds for living expenses and retirement but the business requires those to stay competitive, the interests of the entire family and the business are not aligned. Finally, the interest of one family member may not be aligned with another family member. For example, a family member who is an owner may want to sell the business to maximize their return, but a family member who is an owner and also a manager may want to keep the company because it represents their career and they want their children to have the opportunity to work in the business. . For example, if a family needs its business to distribute funds for living expenses and retirement but the business requires those to stay competitive, the interests of the entire family and the business are not aligned. Finally, the interest of one family member may not be aligned with another family member. For example, a family member who is an owner may want to sell the business to maximize their return, but a family member who is an owner and also a manager may want to keep the company because it represents their career and they want their children to have the opportunity to work in the business. SCENARIOS OF FAMILY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT But balancing competing interests often become difficult in three situations. The first situation is when the founder wants to change they are involved in the business. Usually the founder begins this transition by involving others to manage the business. Involving someone else to manage the company requires the founder to be more conscious and formal in balancing personal interests with the interests of the business because they can no longer do this alignment automatically-someone else is involved. The second situation is when more than one person owns the business and no single person has the power and support of the other owners to determine collective interests. For example, if a founder intends to transfer ownership in the family business to their four children, two of whom work in the business, how do they balance these unequal differences? The four siblings need a system to do this themselves when the founder is no longer involved. The third situation is when there are multiple owners and some or all of the owners are not in management. Given the situation above, there is a higher chance that the interests of the two sons not employed in the family business may be different than the interests of the two sons who are employed in the business. Their potential for differences does not mean that the interests cannot be aligned, it just means that there is a greater need for the four owners to have a system in place that differences can be identified and balanced. SUCCESS OF FAMILY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Successfully balancing the differing interests of family members and/or the interests of one or more family members on the one hand and the interests of the business on the other hand require the people involved to have the competencies, character and commitment to do this work. Often family members can benefit from involving more than one professional advisor, each having the particular skill set needed by the family. Some of the skill sets that might be needed include communication, conflict resolution, family systems, finance, legal, accounting, insurance, investing, leadership development, management development, and strategic planning. INNOVATIVE TRENDS IN FAMILY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT . There are three major trends among the most innovative family business management that together will have a strong impact on wealth holders and the providers to these families: Develop new sources of knowledge. Family business continuously gather practical information from a wide variety of sources. As a result, much of the information these families receive comes from providers of products and services, who have a commercial motive. To further complicate matters, products and advice are often bundled together, with free services subsidized by the revenues generated from other components of the package. Unsurprisingly, the most complex and/or illiquid offerings tend to have the highest embedded costs. Family business management increasingly supplement these sources of information through peering communicating with each other to compare experiences and solutions.At its best, this is a global exercise in which family business actively seek to learn from their peers around the world. Leading families recognize that local networks must be supplemented to ensure that they access more than a location-specific consensus shared by those who, for example, live in the same place, share the same social network, or rely upon the same sources of information. Unbundle, measure, and innovate. The most sophisticated family business recognize that products, platforms, and advice, are fundamentally distinct. They are creating customized solutions from select providers in each category, rather than accepting a bundled offering from a single source. This unbundling allows for more accurate measurement of the value provided by each component. This in turn allows family business management to see new areas of opportunity and to swap out only the individual components that are not working according to specific performance criteria. While trust remains paramount, the foundation of trust is shifting to be based on competence and track record rather than simply a personal relationship. The most enduring relationships are being built upon informed trust, which requires a clear understanding of the way a providers business works. Family business are increasingly focused on measuring inputs and outputs. This means that they are paying closer attention to the transaction costs of interm ediation and actively seeking to calibrate economic incentives to better align costs with value. This requires a nuanced understanding of the inner workings of products and services so that meaningful benchmarks and cross-comparisons can be established. The most sophisticated families consider both absolute and relative value, using peer-based benchmarks as an input to their evaluations. Pursue opportunities globally. The inputs that family business use to create their solutions increasingly come from all over the world, not just their home countries. This trend is a direct result of the two trends described above. Family business have both the means and the incentives to invest in understanding foreign markets and practices. The empirical case for doing so is strong, particularly when local knowledge can be applied to less efficient markets. In addition to globalizing their portfolios, family business increasingly seek opportunities from direct investments. Family business are pursuing returns through country-specific direct investments, such as real estate or private equity, which require a greater level of due diligence and commitment (and offer greater potential rewards). These investments are often made in partnership with other sophisticated private investors who have relevant expertise in co-direct investment or club investing arrangements. The pervasive changes underway in the family busin ess market reinforce each other. Increased knowledge leads to better analysis of a wider set of opportunities, and this allows investors to unbundle and measure, so that they can be more creative in devising comprehensive, global solutions. The more innovation that occurs in the market as a result of this creativity, the greater the additional knowledge creation and sharing.While the effects of this shift are now being felt. STRUCTURING OF FAMILY BUSINESS MANAGEMENT When the family business is basically owned and operated by one person, that person usually does the necessary balancing automatically. For example, the founder may decide the business needs to build a new plant and take less money out of the business for a period so the business can accumulate cash needed to expand. In making this decision, the founder is balancing his personal interests (taking cash out) with the needs of the business (expansion). ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Organizational structure defines the roles and activities required of people in order to meet the objectives of the business. The structure should also help people accomplish their own career and personal goals. Concern with motivation and communication should influence the organizational structure. In defining an organizational structure, the manager has four objectives in mind: (1)- division of tasks, (2)- coordination of efforts and tasks among people and enterprises, (3)- control over the way in which tasks are performed and (4)- flow of information. To accomplish these four objectives, the manager must decide the positions to be filled and the duties, responsibilities and authority attached to each position. PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF ORGANIZING Regardless of the specific characteristics of a horticultural business, some principles of organizing will be helpful. These principles have two uses. First, they are helpful in the actual design of the organizational structure. Second, they can serve as a check list for evaluating and improving the current organizational structure. EXCEPTION PRINCIPLE Someone must be available to handle the exceptions to the usual, i.e., someone must be in charge. When an employee or worker has a problem he or she can not handle, the organizational structure should provide for someone higher in the organization to provide assistance. DECENTRALIZATION Decisions should be pushed down to the lowest level possible in the organization. The more routine a decision, the lower the level in the organization where it should be handled. To illustrate, workers waiting each morning to be told what to do and where to do it can be a great waste of manager and worker time. Workers having a routine not requiring daily instruction, and workers being trained to handle with confidence decisions within their job descriptions illustrate decentralization. The objective is to overcome the waste of time stemming from too much centralization of decision making. Working managers rather than managed workers should be the goal. PARITY PRINCIPLE Decentralization requires delegation. With delegation comes responsibility. Authority should be delegated along with responsibility. To illustrate, assume the 18 year old son of the owner of a landscape firm has been given the responsibility of taking a crew of 3 people, each over 25 years old, to a landscaping site to plant 5 trees and 30 bushes. Further assume that the son has no authority to decide how hard it has to be raining before the crew stops working, no authority to correct a person who is digging the holes for the trees and bushes too deep and no authority to reward the crew member who is doing by far the best job. It is easy for the 3 workers to ignore the son if they have been accustomed to taking orders only from the owner and the owner has given the workers no indication of what authority the son does and does not have. SPAN OF CONTROL The span of control is the number of people a manager supervises. The organizational decision to be made is the number of subordinates a manager can effectively lead. The typical guideline is a span of control of no more than 5-6 people. However, a larger span of control is possible depending on the complexity, variety and proximity of jobs. The ability, experience and style of the manager also affects the desirable span of control. Finally, worker characteristics should affect the span of control. Well trained, motivated, experienced and satisfied workers require relatively little supervision. Owner/operators of family businesses often have span of control problems because of a me attitude. As a family business grows and people are added, the manager still may want everyone reporting to her rather than delegate responsibility and authority to a middle manager. UNITY PRINCIPLE Ideally, no one in an organization reports to more than one supervisor. Having more than one supervisor causes an employee relatively few problems if the supervisors have good coordination and frequent communication. However, supervisors typically lack the time for the necessary coordination and communication. Too often, employees get conflicting instructions and assignments. Employees should not have to decide which of their supervisors to make unhappy because of the impossibility of following all the instructions given them. OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE There is no one family or ownership structure; it have family businesses that are owned by one sole owner. When it comes to the second generation, most of them turn into a sibling partnership with very few but strong owners who hold large shares in the company. In the next generation, it come to a cousin federation and maybe one day we are a family dynasty like Haniel or Wendel. Each stage has its own problems. It must understand the stage you are at, asking the right questions and giving the right answers relevant to that stage. The transition from one stage to another creates a crisis because, in the next generation, you have different questions and you have to give different answers. If you understand that there is a crisis and find the right answers, this crisis may create a chance. Owner strategy starts, like every strategy, with some simple key questions: what is our vision, what is the mission statement we have as owner family. More specific questions for owner families include the following: who can become a member of the owner group. From whom can member groups inherit their shares  and to whom can they sell shares? How do we want to deal with in-laws and the next generation Emotions must be dealt with effectively when managing a family business and managing a family that owns a business. Successful families are families who are better at addressing emotional problems and then solving them. Values and aims must be clarified if any group wants to be successful. This helps prevent conflict when making decisions. Knowing the company goals and the family aims is important otherwise, a family cannot determine whether it is successful or not. In successful family businesses, strategies will change, but the values remain very stable over generations. BUSINESS STRUCTURE This is the business model follow. It often starts with the entrepreneurial stage and then it turns to a traditional and classical family business. There are several different business models and each family should address some essential questions when choosing the correct one. Do we want to be a more focused or more diversified owner family? How do we want to influence the business? Do we want to run it or just control it? Do we want only to act as owners and let outside people control it? How should we manage the owner family so that we maintain family unity and commitment? New Ideas We must formulate a family code that is sensitive to new membership values, aims and a changing business model. Family Education All the owners should know what it means to own a family business, and what  professional ownership means. Emotion-Added Value It is important to come together and have family days so that you have the chance to enjoy being a member of the group. Family Office You may want to start a family office and do family philanthropy together. FUNDS AND INVESTMENT STRUCTURE With a dedicated funds, investment and tax team, including lawyers with corporate, tax and trust experience, we are able to provide the targeted investment structuring advice on which family offices depend. leading investment managers and fund managers, to ensure that private investments are designed and structured to mitigate taxation and provide the greatest opportunity for returns. LEGAL RISK STRUCTURE Risks from many directions, including legal liability, risk of investment loss or devaluation, compliance failure, tax and property law change, security (this includes risks to property and person) family dissension, divorce and indiscretion. The mitigation and balancing of risk in all its forms is of paramount importance for many family business management. Wealthy families and family members are faced with many legal and investment challenges, and increasing regulatory scrutiny. These issues become more acute in the case of multi-generational families with members based in various countries who have international asset holdings Another key risk for clients is breach of confidentiality, especially in a world where the Internet means information anywhere is information everywhere.. It is possible to reduce such risks by the use of appropriate structuring and third party contracts but these measures should be taken when the office is established. If a breach occurs our Reputation Management team can help. . These include the offices of substantial international families with assets and family members in numerous countries, as well as more traditional families with large landed estates or entrepreneurial interests. Theses point should be consider: Conducting an audit of various substantial wealth-holding structures, to ensure they were watertight from a fiduciary and tax perspective. Undertaking a major review of the trust and asset structures of a large international family with international assets. One of the main purposes was to identify potential areas of risk for the family and take measures to safeguard against such risks going forward. CONCLUSION To conclude , we can say that this was the aforesaid explained report on innovative family business. Main facts that are dicussed in study are 1 meaning of family business management 2 current scenario 3 Type of structure for family business management 4 problems 5 innovative trends in family business management After studying all the above given study it is been very clearly understood that family business structure is one of the very common structure of business structure that is been used worldwide. As every business structure has its scenario, advantages , disadvantages, problems, and its new and emerging trends, it is similarly applied here. We can say that family business management is a trend that has been followed for years. Innovative method could be used for more flexibility in family business. RECOMMENDATIONS 1 overcome the internal dispute 2 proper engagement of all members 3 follow the structure that is bet suited to ones business 4 proper management 5 go as by the time. 6 properly implementing the strategy BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFRENCES http//www.family-business-experts.com http//www.familybusinessmagzine.com http//www.businessweek.com/magazine.com Astrachan, J. and Shanker, M. (2003). Family Businesses Contribution to the U.S. Economy: A Closer Look. Family Business Review, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 211-219. Colli, A. (2003). The History of Family Business, 1850 2000. Economic History Society. Chua, J., Chrisman, J., and Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the Family Business by Behavior. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 19-39. Davis, J., Pitts, E., and Cormier, K. (1997). Challenges Facing the Family Companies .